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Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in urban road dust of Shanghai, China: concentrations, source apportionment and human exposure assessment

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Abstract

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants that have been found in various environmental media. The objective of this study was to determine concentrations, spatial distribution, possible sources and potential health risk of SCCPs and MCCPs in urban road dust collected from Shanghai, China. The concentrations ranged from 9.74 to 11,400 ng g−1 for ΣSCCPs, 44.1 to 49,900 ng g−1 for ΣMCCPs and 53.9 to 61,400 ng g−1 for total CPs, respectively. MCCPs were the dominant component in all road dust, averagely accounting for 82.8% of total CPs. The concentrations of CPs in dust collected from traffic and commercial areas were significantly higher than those from campus, industrial, park and residential areas (p < 0.01), which could be attributed to tire wear in heavy traffic. All dust samples were divided into two groups by hierarchical cluster analysis for both SCCPs and MCCPs, and the most abundant homologue groups in most samples were C10Cl7−10 and C13Cl7−9 for SCCPs, and C14Cl7−9 and C15Cl8−9 for MCCPs. Correlation analysis showed that all carbon homologues in road dusts were highly correlated each other, suggesting SCCPs and MCCPs in dust maybe came from similar sources. Three sources for CPs in dust samples were apportioned by the PMF model; their relative contributions to the total CPs burden in dust were 25.6% for factor 1 (commercial CP mixture), 13.7% for factor 2 (long-distance transport) and 60.7% for factor 3 (commercial CP mixture). The median estimated daily intakes of total CPs via road dust were 1.78 × 10−5 for children and 3.0 × 10−6 mg kg−1 day−1 for adults, respectively. Quantitative risk assessment using non-cancer hazard index and total margin of exposure of total CPs indicated that total CPs at the present level in road dust pose no significant risk for both children and adults in Shanghai.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Source profiles of CPs identified by PMF model in urban road dust from Shanghai

Fig. 4

Source average mass contribution (%) of each factor to total CPs

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China for funding support.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41561144007, 41877371, 41977366, 42077388).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China

    Xue-Tong Wang, Cheng-Lin Wang, Ying Zhou, Guo-Fa Ren, Rui Fu & Jing An

  2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China

    Xue-Tong Wang, Cheng-Lin Wang, Ying Zhou, Guo-Fa Ren, Rui Fu & Jing An

  3. Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, 200040, China

    Ying Zhou

Authors
  1. Xue-Tong Wang
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  2. Cheng-Lin Wang
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  3. Ying Zhou
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  4. Guo-Fa Ren
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  5. Rui Fu
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  6. Jing An
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Contributions

XTW was responsible for conceptualization, methodology, writing the original draft, and writing, reviewing and editing. CLW was involved in sampling, formal analysis, visualization and writing the original draft. YZ took part in sampling, investigation, formal analysis and writing the original draft. GFR participated in investigation, formal analysis, writing the original draft, and writing, reviewing and editing. RF contributed to investigation, methodology, formal analysis and writing the original draft. JA was responsible for conceptualization; funding acquisition, project administration; supervision, and writing, reviewing and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jing An.

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Wang, XT., Wang, CL., Zhou, Y. et al. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in urban road dust of Shanghai, China: concentrations, source apportionment and human exposure assessment. Environ Geochem Health 45, 3789–3804 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01453-z

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