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Health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via consumption of crops grown in phosphogypsum-contaminated soils

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Abstract

The management of phosphogypsum (PG) heap, located south of the Sfax city in Tunisia, has been going on for decades. But dumping this solid waste still poses environmental problems. Even though valorized as amendment to agriculture soils, the sanitary impact of this practice is not seriously considered. To assess the risk of the transference of contaminants from PG to agricultural soil-plants food chain, a wild plant species Salicornia arabica grown in PG-contaminated field and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and oat (Avena sativa) grown in laboratory using different rates (10, 20 and 30%) of PG amendment, were tested. The cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, copper and zinc concentrations in soils and plants were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. Measurements showed that Ni, Cu and Pb levels in the amended soils were below international standards except for Cd and Cr which exceeded Chinese, FAO/WHO and European allowable standard limits. Gathered results showed that the more the PG rate increases, the more the bioconcentration factors of heavy metals increased in plants, particularly in the roots. This is a prospective study assuming direct or indirect exposure scenario of different human cohorts by consuming varied common food stuffs. The Human Exposure to Soil Pollutants evaluation and United State Environment Protection Agency models were adopted for the hazard quotient calculation to assess the acceptability of sanitary risk related to each metal. The direct and indirect health risk assessments varied in the decreasing order: children, adolescents and then adults. Therefore, the PG amendment must not exceed the rate of 10%.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia

    Imen Ben Chabchoubi

  2. Laboratoire Génie de l’Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 3,5, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia

    Imen Ben Chabchoubi, Sirine Bouguerra, Mohamed Ksibi & Olfa Hentati

  3. GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    Sirine Bouguerra

  4. Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route de Soukra, Km 4,5, B.P. 1175, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia

    Mohamed Ksibi & Olfa Hentati

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Ben Chabchoubi, I., Bouguerra, S., Ksibi, M. et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via consumption of crops grown in phosphogypsum-contaminated soils. Environ Geochem Health 43, 1953–1981 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00777-y

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