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Multivariate statistics and water quality index (WQI) approach for geochemical assessment of groundwater quality—a case study of Kanavi Halla Sub-Basin, Belagavi, India

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Abstract

Groundwater quality analysis has become essentially important in the present world scenario. In recent years, advanced technologies have replaced the traditional ones which are being helpful in simplifying the complex works. In this study, multivariate statistical analysis is carried out with the help of SPSS software for 45 groundwater samples of Kanavi Halla Sub-Basin (KHSB). The quality of groundwater is determined for various parameters which were analyzed and their concentration is correlated with other parameters using correlation matrix. The PCA technique is applied on water quality parameters, from which four components are extracted with 80.28% total variance. The extracted components suggest that the sources behind the higher loadings of each factor are by geological, agricultural, rainfall, domestic wastewater and industrial activities. Results of the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin and Bartlett’s test conducted have value of 0.659 which is greater than the standard value (0.5). Based on water quality index (WQI), it was noticeably depicted that 2/3rd of the KHSB groundwater quality falls under poor to very poor condition, and hardly 26% of groundwater available is portable. Thus, this study contributes the effective use of multivariate statistics and WQI analysis for groundwater quality. It helps in understanding the hydro-geochemistry of the groundwater and also aids in minimizing the larger set of data into smaller set with effective interpretation.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Ministry of Human Resources and Development (MHRD) for providing fellowship to Venkanagouda B. B. Patil. We are thankful to Mr. Manohar Shanubhog, Technical assistant and Mr. Krishnamurthy, Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering., NITK Surathkal, for their constant help during water quality analysis. We extend our thanks to A. Manoj, Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, for his assistance in analysis of statistical data. We are grateful to NITK authorities for extending research facilities to carry out this study.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Srinivasnagar Post, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575 025, India

    Venkanagouda Bhimanagouda B Patil, Shannon Meryl Pinto, Thejashree Govindaraju, Virupaksha Shivakumar Hebbalu & Lokesh Nanjappa Kannanur

  2. Pilikula Regional Science Centre, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575 028, India

    Vignesh Bhat

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  1. Venkanagouda Bhimanagouda B Patil
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B Patil, V.B., Pinto, S.M., Govindaraju, T. et al. Multivariate statistics and water quality index (WQI) approach for geochemical assessment of groundwater quality—a case study of Kanavi Halla Sub-Basin, Belagavi, India. Environ Geochem Health 42, 2667–2684 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00500-6

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