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Quaternary population dynamics of an endemic conifer, Picea omorika, and their conservation implications

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Abstract

Serbian spruce, Picea omorika (Panč.) Purk., is a cold-adapted conifer confined to an area of c. 10,000 km2 within the Balkans. This area, which has not been exposed to severe anthropogenic disturbances in the recent past, represents a long-term cryptic refugium of this species. We studied Quaternary dynamics of fragmentary distributed Serbian spruce populations to uncover genetic and demographic processes accounting for high levels of genetic diversities in this endemic species within its long-term cryptic refugium. Based on our data set [499 trees from ten populations, five nuclear microsatellites (EST-SSRs) and a mitochondrial (mtDNA) locus], we found the following: (i) continuous increase of genetic distinctiveness of populations caused by various genetic and/or demographic processes, (ii) decreasing over generations pollen flow, and (iii) almost complete lack of seed flow, are trends applicable not only for post-glacial but also for glacial populations. As a result, populations distant few kilometers or less were poorly connected and highly differentiated (nuclear DNA: average ρ ST , Hedrick’s G′ ST and Jost’s D of 0.165, 0.429 and 0.385, respectively; mtDNA: G ST  = 0.632). They were characterized as independent gene pools at the nuclear DNA level. Nonetheless, levels of genetic diversity were high at both nuclear (average allelic richness = 16.14; average H E  = 0.776) and mtDNA (H T  = 0.231) levels. They were maintained not by pronounced gene flow but rather by frequent admixtures of highly differentiated populations, and also by species longevity and overlapping generations in the populations. However, admixtures had been possible only if populations encountered each other over time. Particular genetic and/or demographic changes of populations, such as fragmentations, admixture, size reductions/expansions and extinctions, could not be associated exclusively neither to the post-glacial nor to the last glacial as they were detected during both periods. In accordance with expectations on range alternations in cold-adapted taxa confined to refugia during warm Quaternary periods, our study species was expanding range during the last glacial and contracting range post-glacially. Recommendations for conservation of this IUCN red-listed, endemic and relict species have been provided.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Republic of Austria, Biodiversity International and Research Grant 173005 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia. The authors would like to thank M. Mengl, L. Weißenbacher, M. Lakić, D. Milekić for assistance in the field, B. Heinze, B. Fussi, V. Stevanović, N. Tucić and B. Tucić for constructive suggestions regarding data interpretation, D. Stojanović and N. Rajčević for support in data analyses, Z. Barina for providing literature, J. C. Garza for providing MRatio software and helping in data interpretation, and to acknowledge the Cornell University’s Computational Biology Service (CBSU). All samples were collected with the permission and support of the Tara National Park (Republic of Serbia), the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management and the Forest Enterprise Šume Republike Srpske (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina).

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  1. Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO Box 23, Belgrade, Serbia

    Jelena M. Aleksić

  2. Department of Forest Genetics, Federal Research Centre for Forestry, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Hauptstr. 7, 1140, Vienna, Austria

    Thomas Geburek

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Aleksić, J.M., Geburek, T. Quaternary population dynamics of an endemic conifer, Picea omorika, and their conservation implications. Conserv Genet 15, 87–107 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0523-6

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