Abstract
Electrospun cellulose nanofibers are promising biomaterials but are suffering from the use of unfavorable organic solvents during the electrospinning process. In this manuscript, we used the periodate oxidation—adipic acid dihydrazide crosslinking strategy to fabricate electrospun cellulose nanofibers. Periodate oxidation of cellulose generated water soluble aldehyde cellulose, which thus allowed for the electrospinning in aqueous solution and avoided the use of unfavorable organic solvents. The following crosslinking with adipic acid dihydrazide made the nanofibers water resistant. The results show that the prepared cellulose nanofiber mats show moderate wet mechanical strength around 1 MPa, are able to absorb water equal to 30 times of their own weight, can degrade gradually by hydrolysis, and are cytocompatible. These cellulose nanofibers are expected to find applications in biomedical fields such as wound healing and tissue regeneration.
Graphic abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chakraborty PK, Adhikari J, Saha P (2019) Facile fabrication of electrospun regenerated cellulose nanofiber scaffold for potential bone-tissue engineering application. Int J Biol Macromol 122:644–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.216
Chen S, Cui S, Zhang H et al (2018) Cross-linked pectin nanofibers with enhanced cell adhesion. Biomacromol 19:490–498. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01605
Cullen B, Watt PW, Lundqvist C et al (2002) The role of oxidised regenerated cellulose/collagen in chronic wound repair and its potential mechanism of action. Int J Biochem Cell B 34:1544–1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00054-7
DeMerlis CC, Schoneker DR (2003) Review of the oral toxicity of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Food Chem Toxicol 41:319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00258-2
Dong J, Ghiladi RA, Wang Q et al (2018) Protoporphyrin-IX conjugated cellulose nanofibers that exhibit high antibacterial photodynamic inactivation efficacy. Nanotechnology 29:265601. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aabb3c
Du J, Hsieh YL (2009) Cellulose/chitosan hybrid nanofibers from electrospinning of their ester derivatives. Cellulose 16:247–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-008-9266-9
Fan QG, Lewis DM, Tapley KN (2001) Characterization of cellulose aldehyde using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 82:1195–1202. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1953
French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4
Frenot A, Henriksson MW, Walkenström P (2007) Electrospinning of cellulose-based nanofibers. J Appl Polym Sci 103:1473–1482. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.24912
Frey MW (2008) Electrospinning cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Polym Rev 48:378–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583720802022281
Gabriel A, Barrett C, Cullen B et al (2020) Infection and inflammation in the wound environment: addressing issues of delayed wound healing with advanced wound dressings. Wounds 32:S1–S17
Han SO, Youk JH, Min KD et al (2008) Electrospinning of cellulose acetate nanofibers using a mixed solvent of acetic acid/water: effects of solvent composition on the fiber diameter. Mater Lett 62:759–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.06.059
Hart J, Silcock D, Gunnigle S et al (2002) The role of oxidised regenerated cellulose/collagen in wound repair: effects in vitro on fibroblast biology and in vivo in a model of compromised healing. Int J Biochem Cell B 34:1557–1570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00062-6
Hou L, Udangawa WMRN, Pochiraju A et al (2016) Synthesis of heparin-immobilized, magnetically addressable cellulose nanofibers for biomedical applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2:1905–1913. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00273
Huang ZM, Zhang YZ, Kotaki M et al (2003) A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 63:2223–2253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7
Kenawy E-R, Bowlin GL, Mansfield K et al (2002) Release of tetracycline hydrochloride from electrospun poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), poly(lactic acid), and a blend. J Controlled Release 81:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00041-X
Khan TA, Peh KK, Ch'ng HS (2000) Mechanical, bioadhesive strength and biological evaluations of chitosan films for wound dressing. J Pharm Pharm Sci 3:303–311
Khil MS, Cha DI, Kim HY et al (2003) Electrospun nanofibrous polyurethane membrane as wound dressing. J Biomed Mater Res B 67B:675–679. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.10058
Kim CW, Kim DS, Kang SY et al (2006) Structural studies of electrospun cellulose nanofibers. Polymer 47:5097–5107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.033
Kim UJ, Kuga S, Wada M et al (2000) Periodate oxidation of crystalline cellulose. Biomacromol 1:488–492. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0000337
Kim UJ, Wada M, Kuga S (2004) Solubilization of dialdehyde cellulose by hot water. Carbohyd Polym 56:7–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.10.013
Kishan AP, Cosgriff-Hernandez EM (2017) Recent advancements in electrospinning design for tissue engineering applications: a review. J Biomed Mater Res A 105:2892–2905. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36124
Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S et al (2011) Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials angewandte chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:5438–5466. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001273
Kulpinski P (2005) Cellulose nanofibers prepared by the N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide method. J Appl Polym Sci 98:1855–1859. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22123
Lee KY, Bouhadir KH, Mooney DJ (2000) Degradation behavior of covalently cross-linked Poly(aldehyde guluronate) hydrogels. Macromolecules 33:97–101. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma991286z
Leguy J, Diallo A, Putaux J-L et al (2018) Periodate oxidation followed by NaBH4 reduction converts microfibrillated cellulose into sterically stabilized neutral cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Langmuir 34:11066–11075. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02202
Liu P, Mai C, Zhang K (2017) Formation of uniform multi-stimuli-responsive and multiblock hydrogels from dialdehyde cellulose. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:5313–5319. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00646
Lv H, Cui S, Zhang H et al (2019) Crosslinked starch nanofibers with high mechanical strength and excellent water resistance for biomedical applications. Biomed Mater 15:025007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ab509f
Magalhães WLE, Cao X, Lucia LA (2009) Cellulose nanocrystals/cellulose core-in-shell nanocomposite assemblies. Langmuir 25:13250–13257. https://doi.org/10.1021/la901928j
Matthews JA, Wnek GE, Simpson DG et al (2002) Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers. Biomacromol 3:232–238. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm015533u
Mihai MM, Dima BM, Dima B et al (2019) Nanomaterials for wound healing and infection control. Materials 12:2176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132176
Morán JI, Alvarez VA, Cyras VP et al (2008) Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose 15:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9145-9
Münster L, Vícha J, Klofáč J et al (2017) Stability and aging of solubilized dialdehyde cellulose. Cellulose 24:2753–2766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1314-x
Phan DN, Dorjjugder N, Khan MQ et al (2019) Synthesis and attachment of silver and copper nanoparticles on cellulose nanofibers and comparative antibacterial study. Cellulose 26:6629–6640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02542-6
Quan SL, Kang SG, Chin IJ (2010) Characterization of cellulose fibers electrospun using ionic liquid. Cellulose 17:223–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9386-x
Ravikumar R, Ganesh M, Ubaidulla U et al (2017) Preparation, characterization, and in vitro diffusion study of nonwoven electrospun nanofiber of curcumin-loaded cellulose acetate phthalate polymer. Saudi Pharm J 25:921–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.004
Saito T, Isogai A (2004) TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. The effect of oxidation conditions on chemical and crystal structures of the water-insoluble fractions. Biomacromol 5:1983–1989. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0497769
Schiffman JD, Schauer CL (2008) A Review: electrospinning of biopolymer nanofibers and their applications. Polym Rev 48:317–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583720802022182
Sweeney IR, Miraftab M, Collyer G (2012) A critical review of modern and emerging absorbent dressings used to treat exuding wounds. Int Wound J 9:601–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-481X.2011.00923.x
Vallejos ME, Peresin MS, Rojas OJ (2012) All-cellulose composite fibers obtained by electrospinning dispersions of cellulose acetate and cellulose nanocrystals. J Polym Environ 20:1075–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0499-1
Viswanathan G, Murugesan S, Pushparaj V et al (2006) Preparation of biopbolymer fibers by electrospinning from room temperature ionic liquids. Biomacromol 7:415–418. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm050837s
Wu S, Applewhite AJ, Niezgoda J et al (2017) Oxidized regenerated cellulose/collagen dressings: review of evidence and recommendations. Adv Skin Wound Care 30:S1–S18. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000525951.20270.6c
Xu S, Zhang J, He A et al (2008) Electrospinning of native cellulose from nonvolatile solvent system. Polymer 49:2911–2917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.046
Yan G, Zhang X, Li M et al (2019) Stability of soluble dialdehyde cellulose and the formation of hollow microspheres: optimization and characterization. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:2151–2159. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04825
Yu DG, Yu JH, Chen L et al (2012) Modified coaxial electrospinning for the preparation of high-quality ketoprofen-loaded cellulose acetate nanofibers. Carbohyd Polym 90:1016–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.036
Zaman HU, Islam JMM, Khan MA et al (2011) Physico-mechanical properties of wound dressing material and its biomedical application. J Mech Behav Biomed 4:1369–1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.05.007
Zhang H, Cui S, Lv H et al (2019) A crosslinking strategy to make neutral polysaccharide nanofibers robust and biocompatible: with konjac glucomannan as an example. Carbohyd Polym 215:130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.075
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. 2412019FZ041, 2412019FZ024) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51732003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Cui, S. et al. Cellulose nanofibers electrospun from aqueous conditions. Cellulose 27, 8695–8708 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03366-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03366-5