Abstract
Phase formation and transition in a xanthan gum (XG)/H2O/H3PO4 tertiary system were characterized by polarized optical microscopy, light transmission detection and rheological methods. Three distinct phases and a transition region—the completely separated (S) phase, the liquid crystalline (LC) miscible phase, the isotropically (I) miscible phase and the S plus LC region—were identified. The presence of H3PO4 in the XG/H2O system inhibited the evolution of both the S and LC phases. The S and LC phases contained less than 73 and 62 wt% of H3PO4, respectively. As the temperature increased over 65 °C, the LC phase in the H3PO4-rich and H2O-poor region seriously shrunk owing to the breakup of hydrogen bonds among the XG helical structure. At the same XG loading, the viscosity of the XG solutions in LC phase was found to be much higher than that in I phase. It indicated the existence of numerous XG intermolecular interactions in the LC phase that suppress the movement of liquid. A study of the kinetics demonstrated that the shrinkage relaxation time (τ) depended strongly on temperature and was fitted by the Volgel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) expression. The potential energy barrier of this liquid was quite low at approximately 3.0 kJ mol−1, falling in the range of hydrogen-bond disassociation. The light absorbance test in heating mode revealed a biphasic transitional region between the LC phase and I phase. The contour of this region depended on the heating rate, and this fact was explained again by the relaxation behavior of XG helices at temperatures higher than 65 °C.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan, for financially supporting this research under contract no. NSC 102-2221-E-027-110-MY3. Ted Knoy is appreciated for his editorial assistance.
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Rwei, SP., Nguyen, TA. Phase formation and transition in a xanthan gum/H2O/H3PO4 tertiary system. Cellulose 21, 1277–1288 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0193-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0193-7