Abstract
Disease classification system increasingly incorporates information on pathogenic mechanisms to predict clinical outcomes and response to therapy and intervention. Technological advancements to interrogate omics (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, interactomics, etc.) provide widely open opportunities in population-based research. Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) represents integrative science of molecular pathology and epidemiology. This unified paradigm requires multidisciplinary collaboration between pathology, epidemiology, biostatistics, bioinformatics, and computational biology. Integration of these fields enables better understanding of etiologic heterogeneity, disease continuum, causal inference, and the impact of environment, diet, lifestyle, host factors (including genetics and immunity), and their interactions on disease evolution. Hence, the Second International MPE Meeting was held in Boston in December 2014, with aims to: (1) develop conceptual and practical frameworks; (2) cultivate and expand opportunities; (3) address challenges; and (4) initiate the effort of specifying guidelines for MPE. The meeting mainly consisted of presentations of method developments and recent data in various malignant neoplasms and tumors (breast, prostate, ovarian and colorectal cancers, renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and leukemia), followed by open discussion sessions on challenges and future plans. In particular, we recognized need for efforts to further develop statistical methodologies. This meeting provided an unprecedented opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration, consistent with the purposes of the Big Data to Knowledge, Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology, and Precision Medicine Initiative of the US National Institute of Health. The MPE meeting series can help advance transdisciplinary population science and optimize training and education systems for twenty-first century medicine and public health.
Abbreviations
- BD2K:
-
Big Data to Knowledge
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CIMP:
-
CpG island methylator phenotype
- GAME-ON:
-
Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology
- GECCO:
-
The Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium
- GWAS:
-
Genome-wide association study
- MPE:
-
Molecular pathological epidemiology
- MSI:
-
Microsatellite instability
- NIH:
-
National Institute of Health
- STROBE:
-
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
References
Ogino S, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E (2012) How many molecular subtypes? Implications of the unique tumor principle in personalized medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 12:621–628
Ogino S, Lochhead P, Chan AT et al (2013) Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: Emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease. Mod Pathol 26:465–484
Ogino S, Stampfer M (2010) Lifestyle factors and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: the evolving field of molecular pathological epidemiology. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:365–367
Ogino S, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E (2011) Molecular pathological epidemiology of colorectal neoplasia: an emerging transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field. Gut 60:397–411
Jacobs R, Voorneveld P, Kodach L, Hardwick J (2012) Cholesterol metabolism and colorectal cancers. Curr Opin Pharmacol 12:690–695
Curtin K, Slattery ML, Samowitz WS (2011) CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer: past, present and future. Pathol Res Int 2011:902674
Hughes LA, Simons CC, van den Brandt PA et al (2011) Body size, physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer with or without the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). PLoS One 6:e18571
Hughes LA, Khalid-de Bakker CA, Smits KM et al (2012) The CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer: progress and problems. Biochim Biophys Acta 1825:77–85
Iwagami S, Baba Y, Watanabe M et al (2012) Pyrosequencing assay to measure LINE-1 methylation level in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 19:2726–2732
Limburg PJ, Limsui D, Vierkant RA et al (2012) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and colorectal cancer risk in relation to somatic KRAS mutation status among older women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21:681–684
Hughes LA, Williamson EJ, van Engeland M et al (2012) Body size and risk for colorectal cancers showing BRAF mutation or microsatellite instability: a pooled analysis. Int J Epidemiol 41:1060–1072
Ku CS, Cooper DN, Wu M et al (2012) Gene discovery in familial cancer syndromes by exome sequencing: prospects for the elucidation of familial colorectal cancer type X. Mod Pathol 25:1055–1068
Rex DK, Ahnen DJ, Baron JA et al (2012) Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. Am J Gastroenterol 107:1315–1329
Koshiol J, Lin SW (2012) Can tissue-based immune markers be used for studying the natural history of cancer? Ann Epidemiol 22:520–530
Fini L, Grizzi F, Laghi L (2012) Adaptive and innate immunity, non clonal players in colorectal cancer progression. In: Ettarh R (ed) Colorectal cancer biology—from genes to tumor: InTech, pp 323–340
Gay LJ, Mitrou PN, Keen J et al (2012) Dietary, lifestyle and clinico-pathological factors associated with APC mutations and promoter methylation in colorectal cancers from the EPIC-Norfolk Study. J Pathol 228:405–415
Galon J, Franck P, Marincola FM et al (2012) Cancer classification using the immunoscore: a worldwide task force. J Transl Med 10:205
Chia WK, Ali R, Toh HC (2012) Aspirin as adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer-reinterpreting paradigms. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 9:561–570
Dogan S, Shen R, Ang DC et al (2012) Molecular epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS mutations in 3026 lung adenocarcinomas: higher susceptibility of women to smoking-related KRAS-mutant cancers. Clin Cancer Res 18:6169–6177
Spitz MR, Caporaso NE, Sellers TA (2012) Integrative cancer epidemiology—the next generation. Cancer Discov 2:1087–1090
Shanmuganathan R, Nazeema Banu B, Amirthalingam L, Muthukumar H, Kaliaperumal R, Shanmugam K (2013) Conventional and nanotechniques for DNA methylation profiling. J Mol Diagn 15:17–26
Rosty C, Young JP, Walsh MD et al (2013) Colorectal carcinomas with KRAS mutation are associated with distinctive morphological and molecular features. Mod Pathol 26:825–834
Weijenberg MP, Hughes LA, Bours MJ, Simons CC, van Engeland M, van den Brandt PA (2013) The mTOR pathway and the role of energy balance throughout life in colorectal cancer etiology and prognosis: unravelling mechanisms through a multidimensional molecular epidemiologic approach. Curr Nutr Rep 2:19–26
Buchanan DD, Win AK, Walsh MD et al (2013) Family history of colorectal cancer in BRAF p. V600E mutated colorectal cancer cases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 22:917–926
Burnett-Hartman AN, Newcomb PA, Potter JD et al (2013) Genomic aberrations occurring in subsets of serrated colorectal lesions but not conventional adenomas. Cancer Res 73:2863–2872
Alvarez MC, Santos JC, Maniezzo N et al (2013) MGMT and MLH1 methylation in Helicobacter pylori-infected children and adults. World J Gastroenterol 19:3043–3051
Hagland HR, Berg M, Jolma IW, Carlsen A, Soreide K (2013) Molecular pathways and cellular metabolism in colorectal cancer. Dig Surg 30:12–25
Zaidi N, Lupien L, Kuemmerle NB, Kinlaw WB, Swinnen JV, Smans K (2013) Lipogenesis and lipolysis: the pathways exploited by the cancer cells to acquire fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 52:585–589
Abbenhardt C, Poole EM, Kulmacz RJ et al (2013) Phospholipase A2G1B polymorphisms and risk of colorectal neoplasia. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet 4:140–149
Hughes LA, Melotte V, de Schrijver J et al (2013) The CpG island methylator phenotype: what’s in a name? Cancer Res 73:5858–5868
Bae JM, Kim JH, Cho NY, Kim TY, Kang GH (2013) Prognostic implication of the CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancers depends on tumour location. Br J Cancer 109:1004–1012
Amirian ES, Petrosino JF, Ajami NJ, Liu Y, Mims MP, Scheurer ME (2013) Potential role of gastrointestinal microbiota composition in prostate cancer risk. Infect Agents Cancer 8:42
Hoffmeister M, Blaker H, Kloor M et al (2013) Body mass index and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 22:2303–2311
Araujo RF Jr, Lira GA, Guedes HG et al (2013) Lifestyle and family history influence cancer prognosis in Brazilian individuals. Pathol Res Pract 209:753–757
Esterhuyse MM, Kaufmann SH (2013) Diagnostic biomarkers are hidden in the infected host’s epigenome. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 13:625–637
Zhu Y, Yang SR, Wang PP et al (2014) Influence of pre-diagnostic cigarette smoking on colorectal cancer survival: overall and by tumour molecular phenotype. Br J Cancer 110:1359–1366
Hagland HR, Soreide K (2015) Cellular metabolism in colorectal carcinogenesis: influence of lifestyle, gut microbiome and metabolic pathways. Cancer Lett 356:273–280
Shaheen NJ (2014) Editorial: what is behind the remarkable increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma? Am J Gastroenterol 109:345–347
Brandstedt J, Wangefjord S, Nodin B, Eberhard J, Jirstrom K, Manjer J (2014) Associations of hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives with risk of colorectal cancer defined by clinicopathological factors, beta-catenin alterations, expression of cyclin D1, p53, and microsatellite-instability. BMC Cancer 14:371
Coppede F (2014) The role of epigenetics in colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:935–948
Bishehsari F, Mahdavinia M, Vacca M, Malekzadeh R, Mariani-Costantini R (2014) Epidemiological transition of colorectal cancer in developing countries: environmental factors, molecular pathways, and opportunities for prevention. World J Gastroenterol 20:6055–6072
Cross AJ, Moore SC, Boca S et al (2014) A prospective study of serum metabolites and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer 120:3049–3057
Simons CC, van den Brandt PA, Stehouwer C, van Engeland M, Weijenberg MP (2014) Body size, physical activity, early life energy restriction, and associations with methylated insulin-like growth factor binding protein genes in colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 23:1852–1862
Haque TR, Bradshaw PT, Crockett SD (2014) Risk factors for serrated polyps of the colorectum. Dig Dis Sci 59:2874–2889
Ryan BM, Wolff RK, Valeri N et al (2014) An analysis of genetic factors related to risk of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 38:583–590
Li P, Wu H, Zhang H et al (2015) Aspirin use after diagnosis but not prediagnosis improves established colorectal cancer survival: a meta-analysis. Gut. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308260
Huser V, Sincan M, Cimino JJ (2014) Developing genomic knowledge bases and databases to support clinical management: current perspectives. Pharmacogen Personal Med 7:275–283
Wennersten C, Andersson G, Boman K, Nodin B, Gaber A, Jirstrom K (2014) Incident urothelial cancer in the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study: cohort characteristics and further validation of ezrin as a prognostic biomarker. Diagn Pathol 9:189
Mikeska T, Craig JM (2014) DNA methylation biomarkers: cancer and beyond. Genes 5:821–864
Campbell PT, Deka A, Briggs P et al (2014) Establishment of the cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort colorectal tissue repository. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 23:2694–2702
Wild CP, Bucher JR, de Jong BW et al (2015) Translational cancer research: balancing prevention and treatment to combat cancer globally. J Natl Cancer Inst 107:353
Caiazza F, Ryan EJ, Doherty G, Winter DC, Sheahan K (2015) Estrogen receptors and their implications in colorectal carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 5:Article 19
Ng JM, Yu J (2015) Promoter hypermethylation of tumour suppressor genes as potential biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 16:2472–2496
Tillmans LS, Vierkant RA, Wang AH et al (2015) Associations between environmental exposures and incident colorectal cancer by ESR2 protein expression level in a population-based cohort of older women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 24:713–719
Witvliet MI (2014) World health survey: a useful yet underutilized global health data source. Austin J Public Health Epidemiol 1:id1012
Potter S (2014) Body mass index 112 Success Secrets—112 Most Asked Questions On Body mass index—What You Need To Know. Kindle edition ed: Emeroe Publishing
Cisyk AL, Penner-Goeke S, Lichtensztejn Z et al (2015) Characterizing the prevalence of chromosome instability in interval colorectal cancer. Neoplasia 17:306–316
Weisenberger DJ, Levine AJ, Long TI et al (2015) Association of the colorectal CpG island methylator phenotype with molecular features, risk factors and family history. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 24:512–519
Gao C (2015) Molecular pathological epidemiology: an interdisciplinary field for study of hepatocellular carcinoma. Austin J Gastroenterol 2:1040
Szylberg L, Janiczek M, Popiel A, Marszalek A (2015) Serrated polyps and their alternative pathway to the colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015:ID 573814
Sherman ME, Howatt W, Blows FM, Pharoah P, Hewitt SM, Garcia-Closas M (2010) Molecular pathology in epidemiologic studies: a primer on key considerations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 19:966–972
Gaudet MM, Sherman ME, Thun MJ (2012) Learning from disease heterogeneity. Lancet Oncol 13:862–863
Begg CB, Zabor EC (2012) Detecting and exploiting etiologic heterogeneity in epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol 176:512–518
Begg CB, Zabor EC, Bernstein JL, Bernstein L, Press MF, Seshan VE (2013) A conceptual and methodological framework for investigating etiologic heterogeneity. Stat Med 32:5039–5052
Field AE, Camargo CA, Ogino S (2013) The merits of subtyping obestity: one size does not fit all. JAMA 310:2147–2148
Yamauchi M, Morikawa T, Kuchiba A et al (2012) Assessment of colorectal cancer molecular features along bowel subsites challenges the conception of distinct dichotomy of proximal versus distal colorectum. Gut 61:847–854
Yamauchi M, Lochhead P, Morikawa T et al (2012) Colorectal cancer: a tale of two sides or a continuum? Gut 61:794–797
Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R et al (2015) Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression. Mod Pathol 28:14–29
Nishi A, Kawachi I, Koenen KC, Wu K, Nishihara R, Ogino S (2015) Lifecourse epidemiology and molecular pathological epidemiology. Am J Prev Med 48:116–119
Ogino S, Giovannucci E (2012) Commentary: lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer microsatellite instability—molecular pathological epidemiology science, based on unique tumour principle. In J Epidemiol 41:1072–1074
Ogino S, King EE, Beck AH, Sherman ME, Milner DA, Giovannucci E (2012) Interdisciplinary education to integrate pathology and epidemiology: towards molecular and population-level health science. Am J Epidemiol 176:659–667
DerSimonian R, Charette LJ, McPeek B, Mosteller F (1982) Reporting on methods in clinical trials. N Engl J Med 306:1332–1337
Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, Group C (2010) CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. PLoS Med 7:e1000251
Samowitz WS, Albertsen H, Sweeney C et al (2006) Association of smoking, CpG island methylator phenotype, and V600E BRAF mutations in colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1731–1738
Limsui D, Vierkant RA, Tillmans LS et al (2010) Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk by molecularly defined subtypes. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:1012–1022
Nishihara R, Morikawa T, Kuchiba A et al (2013) A prospective study of duration of smoking cessation and colorectal cancer risk by epigenetics-related tumor classification. Am J Epidemiol 178:84–100
Curtin K, Samowitz WS, Wolff RK, Herrick J, Caan BJ, Slattery ML (2009) Somatic alterations, metabolizing genes and smoking in rectal cancer. Int J Cancer 125:158–164
Poynter JN, Haile RW, Siegmund KD et al (2009) Associations between smoking, alcohol consumption, and colorectal cancer, overall and by tumor microsatellite instability status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 18:2745–2750
Lindor NM, Yang P, Evans I et al (2010) Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and smoking as risk factors for mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer: a study from the colon cancer family registry. Mol Genet Metab 99:157–159
Chia VM, Newcomb PA, Bigler J, Morimoto LM, Thibodeau SN, Potter JD (2006) Risk of microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer is associated jointly with smoking and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Cancer Res 66:6877–6883
Barrow TM, Michels KB (2014) Epigenetic epidemiology of cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 455:70–83
Slattery ML, Curtin K, Anderson K et al (2000) Associations between cigarette smoking, lifestyle factors, and microsatellite instability in colon tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1831–1836
Campbell PT, Jacobs ET, Ulrich CM et al (2010) Case-control study of overweight, obesity, and colorectal cancer risk, overall and by tumor microsatellite instability status. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:391–400
Satia JA, Keku T, Galanko JA et al (2005) Diet, lifestyle, and genomic instability in the north Carolina colon cancer study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 14:429–436
Arain MA, Sawhney M, Sheikh S et al (2010) CIMP status of interval colon cancers: another piece to the puzzle. Am J Gastroenterol 105:1189–1195
Nishihara R, Wu K, Lochhead P et al (2013) Long-term colorectal cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy. N Engl J Med 369:1095–1105
Ogino S, Lochhead P, Giovannucci E, Meyerhardt JA, Fuchs CS, Chan AT (2014) Discovery of colorectal cancer PIK3CA mutation as potential predictive biomarker: power and promise of molecular pathological epidemiology. Oncogene 33:2949–2955
Jung S, Spiegelman D, Baglietto L et al (2013) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of breast cancer by hormone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:219–236
Lao VV, Grady WM (2011) Epigenetics and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:686–700
Colussi D, Brandi G, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L (2013) Molecular pathways involved in colorectal cancer: implications for disease behavior and prevention. Int J Mol Sci 14:16365–16385
Bardhan K, Liu K (2013) Epigenetics and colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Cancers 5:676–713
Zoratto F, Rossi L, Verrico M et al (2014) Focus on genetic and epigenetic events of colorectal cancer pathogenesis: implications for molecular diagnosis. Tumour Biol 35:6195–6206
Aleman JO, Eusebi LH, Ricciardiello L, Patidar K, Sanyal AJ, Holt PR (2014) Mechanisms of obesity-induced gastrointestinal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 146:357–373
Lin JH, Giovannucci E (2014) Environmental exposure and tumor heterogeneity in colorectal cancer risk and outcomes. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 10:94–104
Song M, Garrett WS, Chan AT (2015) Nutrients, foods, and colorectal cancer prevention. Gastroenterology 148:1244–1260.e16
Jeon JY, Meyerhardt JA (2012) Energy in and energy out: what matters for survivors of colorectal cancer? J Clin Oncol 30:7–10
Campbell PT, Patel AV, Newton CC, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM (2013) Associations of recreational physical activity and leisure time spent sitting with colorectal cancer survival. J Clin Oncol 31:876–885
Bathe OF, Farshidfar F (2014) From genotype to functional phenotype: unraveling the metabolomic features of colorectal cancer. Genes 5:536–560
Kuchiba A, Morikawa T, Yamauchi M et al (2012) Body mass index and risk of colorectal cancer according to fatty acid synthase expression in the nurses’ health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 104:415–420
Ogino S, kawasaki T, Ogawa A, Kirkner GJ, Loda M, Fuchs CS (2007) Fatty acid synthase overexpression in colorectal cancer is associated with microsatellite instability, independent of CpG island methylator phenotype. Hum Pathol 38:842–849
Herbert K, Kerr R, Kerr DJ, Church DN (2014) Are NSAIDs coming back to colorectal cancer therapy or not? Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 10:363–371
Tougeron D, Sha D, Manthravadi S, Sinicrope FA (2014) Aspirin and colorectal cancer: back to the Future. Clin Cancer Res 20:1087–1094
Chan AT, Ogino S, Fuchs CS (2007) Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of COX-2. N Engl J Med 356:2131–2142
Chan AT, Ogino S, Fuchs CS (2009) Aspirin use and survival after diagnosis of colorectal cancer. JAMA 302:649–658
Chan AT, Ogino S, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS (2011) Inflammatory markers are associated with risk of colorectal cancer and chemopreventive response to anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology 140:799–808, quiz e711
Liao X, Lochhead P, Nishihara R et al (2012) Aspirin use, tumor PIK3CA mutation status, and colorectal cancer survival. N Engl J Med 367:1596–1606
Nishihara R, Lochhead P, Kuchiba A et al (2013) Aspirin use and risk of colorectal cancer according to BRAF mutation status. JAMA 309:2563–2571
Nan H, Morikawa T, Suuriniemi M et al (2013) Aspirin use, 8q24 single nucleotide polymorphism rs6983267, and colorectal cancer according to CTNNB1 alterations. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:1852–1861
Fink SP, Yamauchi M, Nishihara R et al (2014) Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD). Sci Transl Med 6:233re232
Domingo E, Church DN, Sieber O et al (2013) Evaluation of PIK3CA mutation as a predictor of benefit from NSAID therapy in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 31:4297–4305
Garcia-Closas M, Couch FJ, Lindstrom S et al (2013) Genome-wide association studies identify four ER negative-specific breast cancer risk loci. Nat Genet 45:392–398, 398e391–398e392
Tamimi RM, Colditz GA, Hazra A et al (2012) Traditional breast cancer risk factors in relation to molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 131:159–167
Millikan RC, Newman B, Tse CK et al (2008) Epidemiology of basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 109:123–139
Phipps AI, Buist DS, Malone KE et al (2011) Family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives and triple-negative breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 126:671–678
Yang XR, Sherman ME, Rimm DL et al (2007) Differences in risk factors for breast cancer molecular subtypes in a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:439–443
Kostic AD, Ojesina AI, Pedamallu CS et al (2011) PathSeq: software to identify or discover microbes by deep sequencing of human tissue. Nat Biotechnol 29:393–396
Kostic AD, Gevers D, Pedamallu CS et al (2012) Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 22:292–298
Tahara T, Yamamoto E, Suzuki H et al (2014) Fusobacterium in colonic flora and molecular features of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res
Mima K, Sukawa Y, Nishihara R et al (2015) Fusobacterium nucleatum and T-cells in colorectal carcinoma. JAMA Oncol (in press)
Kostic AD, Chun E, Robertson L et al (2013) Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Cell Host Microbe 14:207–215
Cancer Genome AtlasResearch N (2014) Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature 513:202–209
Morton LM, Sampson JN, Cerhan JR et al (2014) Rationale and design of the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph) non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes project. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2014:1–14
Begg CB (2011) A strategy for distinguishing optimal cancer subtypes. Int J Cancer 129:931–937
Wang M, Kuchiba A, Ogino S (2015) A meta-regression method for studying etiologic heterogeneity across disease subtypes classified by multiple biomarkers. Am J Epidemiol (in press)
Chatterjee N, Sinha S, Diver WR, Feigelson HS (2010) Analysis of cohort studies with multivariate and partially observed disease classification data. Biometrika 97:683–698
Chatterjee N (2004) A two-stage regression model for epidemiological studies with multivariate disease classification data. J Am Stat Assoc 99:127–138
Rosner B, Glynn RJ, Tamimi RM et al (2013) Breast cancer risk prediction with heterogeneous risk profiles according to breast cancer tumor markers. Am J Epidemiol 178:296–308
Leek JT, Scharpf RB, Bravo HC et al (2010) Tackling the widespread and critical impact of batch effects in high-throughput data. Nat Rev Genet 11:733–739
Jaffe AE, Irizarry RA (2014) Accounting for cellular heterogeneity is critical in epigenome-wide association studies. Genome Biol 15:R31
Houseman EA, Kim S, Kelsey KT, Wiencke JK (2015) DNA methylation in whole blood: uses and challenges. Curr Envir Health Rep (in press)
Beck AH, Knoblauch NW, Hefti MM et al (2013) Significance analysis of prognostic signatures. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1002875
Sherman ME, Figueroa JD, Henry JE, Clare SE, Rufenbarger C, Storniolo AM (2012) The Susan G. Komen for the Cure Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center: a unique resource for defining the “molecular histology” of the breast. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 5:528–535
Figueroa JD, Pfeiffer RM, Patel DA et al (2014) Terminal duct lobular unit involution of the normal breast: implications for breast cancer etiology. J Natl Cancer Inst 106:dju286
Faupel-Badger JM, Arcaro KF, Balkam JJ et al (2013) Postpartum remodeling, lactation, and breast cancer risk: summary of a National Cancer Institute-sponsored workshop. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:166–174
Ghosh K, Vachon CM, Pankratz VS et al (2010) Independent association of lobular involution and mammographic breast density with breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:1716–1723
Ghosh K, Hartmann LC, Reynolds C et al (2010) Association between mammographic density and age-related lobular involution of the breast. J Clin Oncol 28:2207–2212
Lochhead P, Chan AT, Giovannucci E et al (2014) Progress and opportunities in molecular pathological epidemiology of colorectal premalignant lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 109:1205–1214
Roman-Perez E, Casbas-Hernandez P, Pirone JR et al (2012) Gene expression in extratumoral microenvironment predicts clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 14:R51
Sun X, Sandhu R, Figueroa JD, Gierach GL, Sherman ME, Troester MA (2014) Benign breast tissue composition in breast cancer patients: association with risk factors, clinical variables, and gene expression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23:2810–2818
Palmer JR, Viscidi E, Troester MA et al (2014) Parity, lactation, and breast cancer subtypes in African American women: results from the AMBER Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst 106:dju237
Hakimi AA, Furberg H, Zabor EC et al (2013) An epidemiologic and genomic investigation into the obesity paradox in renal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:1862–1870
Markt SC, Valdimarsdottir UA, Shui IM et al (2015) Circadian clock genes and risk of fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 26:25–33
Pettersson A, Lis RT, Meisner A et al (2013) Modification of the association between obesity and lethal prostate cancer by TMPRSS2:ERG. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:1881–1890
Gates MA, Rosner BA, Hecht JL, Tworoger SS (2010) Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic subtype. Am J Epidemiol 171:45–53
Poole EM, Merritt MA, Jordan SJ et al (2013) Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by tumor aggressiveness. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 22:429–437
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP (2007) The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Med 4:e296
Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG et al (2007) Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 4:e297
Terry MB, Knight JA (2011) STROBE-ME - Illuminating methodological issues for the reporting of molecular epidemiology data. Prev Med 53:388–389
Gallo V, Egger M, McCormack V et al (2011) STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology—Molecular Epidemiology (STROBE-ME): an extension of the STROBE statement. PLoS Med 8:e1001117
Acknowledgments
We thank all of the members of the program committee, the speakers, the discussants, and the other participants of the Second International MPE Meeting on December 4–5, 2014 in Boston, MA, USA. We thank the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (Edward J. Benz, Jr., President and CEO) for providing the meeting venue and the Department of Pathology, the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Jeffrey A. Golden, Chairperson), and Enzymatics, Inc., for providing meals and refreshments, respectively. We also thank the Department of Pathology, the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Jeffrey A. Golden, Chairperson); the Department of Epidemiology, the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (Michelle A. Williams, Chairperson); the Dana–Farber Harvard Cancer Center (Giovanni Parmigiani, Meir J. Stampfer, Lorelei A. Mucci, Deborah Schrag, and Charles S. Fuchs; Program Leaders); and the Channing Division of Network Medicine, the Department of Medicine, the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Edwin K. Silverman, Division Chief) for providing morale supports and helping in announcements. This work was supported in part by grants from the US National Institute of Health (NIH) [R01 CA151993 (to SO), K07 CA190673 (to RN), R01 CA137178 (to ATC), K24 DK098311 (to ATC), and K07 CA172298 (to AIP)], and the friends of the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (to SO). ATC is Damon Runyon Clinical Investigator. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIH. The funders (including Enzymatics, Inc.) did not have any role in planning the meeting, the decision to submit the manuscript for publication, or the writing of the manuscript. Use of Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)-approved symbols for genes and gene products: We use symbols approved by HGNC and described at www.genenames.org; those include BRAF, CD274, ERBB2, ESR1, FASN, KRAS, MLH1, PDCD1LG2, PGR, PIK3CA, and VHL. Gene names are italicized, while names of gene products are non-italicized. Non-official names are described in parenthesis where helpful.
Conflict of interest
The Second International MPE Meeting was sponsored in part by Enzymatics, Inc. ATC previously served as a consultant for Bayer Healthcare, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Pozen Inc, and Pfizer Inc. The work was not funded by Enzymatics, Inc, Bayer Healthcare, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Pozen Inc, or Pfizer Inc. All of the other authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Shuji Ogino, Peter T. Campbell, Reiko Nishihara, Amanda I. Phipps, Bernard A. Rosner, Molin Wang, Nilanjan Chatterjee, and Colin B. Begg have contributed equally to this study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ogino, S., Campbell, P.T., Nishihara, R. et al. Proceedings of the second international molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) meeting. Cancer Causes Control 26, 959–972 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0596-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0596-2