Abstract
The Akaki River in the Upper Awash Basin, which flows through Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, has been highly polluted by sewage from factories and residential areas. A population-based cross-sectional study was used to assess the association between trace elements and kidney injury from residents living in polluted areas downstream (Akaki-Kality) versus upstream (Gullele) in Sub-Cities of Addis Ababa. A total of 95 individuals (53 from Akaki-Kality and 42 from Gullele) were included in the study. Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), lead, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, lead, manganese, zinc, iron, copper, chromium and nickel were evaluated in residents’ urine and nail samples. A large proportion (74%) of the sample population contained KIM-1, including 81% residents in Akaki-Kality and 64% residents in Gullele. KIM-1 was, however, not significantly different (p = 0.05) between the two Sub-Cities, with median of 0.224 ng/mL in Akaki-Kality and 0.152 ng/mL in Gullele. Most of the analyzed elements, except Pb, As, Cd and Co, were found in all of the nail samples, with median (µg/g) in the range of 442‒714 Fe, 97.0‒246 Zn, 11.6‒24.1 Mn, 4.49‒5.85 Cu, 1.46‒1.66 Cr and 1.22‒1.41 Ni. The high incidence of KIM-1 indicates a potential for long term renal tubular damage among residents of the Sub-Cities. The concentrations of the elements in nails were, however, not significantly associated (p = 0.05) with the corresponding levels of KIM-1 in urine. Hence, the observed KIM-1 might be related to exposure to toxic substances or factors other than those included in this study.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the data generated are available in the manuscript.
References
Akele M, Kelderman P, Koning C, Irvine K (2016) Trace metal distributions in the sediments of the Little Akaki River, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environ Monit Assess 188:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5387-z
Al Naggar Y, Khalil MS, Ghorab MA (2018) Environmental pollution by heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystems of Egypt. Open Acc J Toxicol 3:555603. https://doi.org/10.19080/OAJT.2018.03.555603
Amberber M, Kifle F (2016) Assessments of heavy metal accumulation capacity of selected plant species for phytoremediation: a case study in Little Akaki river. J Bioremediat Biodegrad 7:1–4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000369
Angello ZA, Tranckner J, Behailu BM (2020) Spatio-temporal evaluation and quantification of pollutant source contribution in Little Akaki River, Ethiopia: conjunctive application of Factor Analysis and multivariate receptor model. Pol J Environ Stud 30:23–34. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/119098
Arficho DF (2009) Status, distribution, and phytoavailability of heavy metals and metalloids in soils irrigated with wastewater from Akaki River, Ethiopia: implications for environmental management of heavy metal/metalloid affected soils. Addis Ababa University
Aschale M, Sileshi Y, Kelly-Quinn M, Hailu D (2015) Assessment of potentially toxic elements in vegetables grown along Akaki River in Addis Ababa and potential health implications. Food Sci Qual Manag 40:42–52
Aschale M, Sileshi Y, Kelly-Quinn M, Hailu D (2016) Evaluation of potentially toxic element pollution in the benthic sediments of the water bodies of the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Environ Chem Eng 4:4173–4183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.08.033
Aschale M, Sileshi Y, Kelly-Quinn M (2019) Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements via consumption of vegetables irrigated with polluted river water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environ Sys Res 8:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-019-0157-x
Assadi F, Sharbaf FG (2019) Urine KIM-1 as a potential biomarker of acute renal injury after circulatory collapse in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 35:104–107. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000886
Beck K, Mariani M, Fletcher M-S, Schneider L, Aquino-Lopez M, Gadd P, Heijnis H, Saunders K, Zawadzki A (2020) The impacts of intensive mining on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems: a case of sediment pollution and calcium decline in cool temperate Tasmania. Aust Environ Pollut 265:114695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114695
Blagojevic J, Jovanovic V, Stamenkovic G, Jojic V, Bugarski-Stanojevic V, Adnadevic T, Vujosevic M (2012) Age differences in bioaccumulation of heavy metals in populations of the black-striped field mouse, Apodemusagrarius (Rodentia, Mammalia). Int J Environ Res 6:1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2012.575
Bonventre JV, Vaidya VS, Schmouder R, Feig P, Dieterle F (2010) Next-generation biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity. Nat Biotechnol 28:436–440. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0510-436
Cabral M, Garcon G, Toure A, Bah F, Dewaele D, Bouhsina S, Cazier F, Faye A, Fall M, Courcot D (2021) Renal impairment assessment on adults living nearby a landfill: early kidney dysfunction biomarkers linked to the environmental exposure to heavy metals. Toxicol Rep 8:386–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.009
Cardenas-Gonzalez M, Osorio-Yanez C, Gaspar-Ramirez O, Pavkovic M, Ochoa-Martinez A, Lopez-Ventura D, Medeiros M, Barbier O, Perez-Maldonado I, Sabbisetti V (2016) Environmental exposure to arsenic and chromium in children is associated with kidney injury molecule-1. Environ Res 150:653–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.032
Carrero J-J, Hecking M, Ulasi I, Sola L, Thomas B (2017) Chronic kidney disease, gender, and access to care: a global perspective. Semin Nephrol 37:296–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.02.009
Chaturvedi S, Farmer T, Kapke GF (2009) Assay validation for KIM-1: human urinary renal dysfunction biomarker. Int J Biol Sci 5:128. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.5.128
Chen CC, Hsieh JC, Chao CH, Yang WS, Cheng HT, Chan CK, Lu CJ, Meng HF, Zan HW (2020) Correlation between breath ammonia and blood urea nitrogen levels in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients. J Breath Res 14:036002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ab728b
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, Horton ES, Castorino K, Tate DF (2016) Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 39:2065–2079. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1728
Coresh J, Byrd-Holt D, Astor BC, Briggs JP, Eggers PW, Lacher DA, Hostetter TH (2005) Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among US adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:180–188. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2004070539
De Silva PM, Gunasekara TD, Gunarathna SD, Sandamini PM, Pinipa RA, Ekanayake EM, Thakshila WA, Jayasinghe SS, Chandana EP, Jayasundara N (2021) Urinary biomarkers of renal injury KIM-1 and NGAL: reference intervals for healthy pediatric population in Sri Lanka. Children 8:684. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080684
Demlie M, Wohnlich S (2006) Soil and groundwater pollution of an urban catchment by trace metals: case study of the Addis Ababa region, central Ethiopia. Environ Geol 51:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0337-7
Dessie BK, Melaku S, Gari SR, Ayele BT, Desta AF, Mihret A (2020) Evaluation of toxic elements in nails of tannery workers in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia Microchem J 159:105589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105589
Dessie B, Mehari B, Gari SR, Mihret A, Desta AF, Melaku S, Alamirew T, Walsh CL, Werner D, Zeleke G (2022) Trace element levels in nails of residents of Addis Ababa are shaped by social factors and geography. Biol Trace Elem Res 2:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03181-y
Dirbaba NB, Li S, Wu H, Yan X, Wang J (2018) Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in surficial sediments of the Awash River Basin. Ethiopia Plos One 13:0205026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205026
Diyabalanage S, Fonseka S, Dasanayake D, Chandrajith R (2017) Environmental exposures of trace elements assessed using keratinized matrices from patients with chronic kidney diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. J Trace Elem Med Biol 39:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.08.003
Doi K, Yuen PS, Eisner C, Hu X, Leelahavanichkul A, Schnermann J, Star RA (2009) Reduced production of creatinine limits its use as marker of kidney injury in sepsis. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:1217–1221. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2008060617
Funakoshi Y, Omori H, Onoue A, Mihara S, Ogata Y, Katoh T (2012) Association between frequency of drinking alcohol and chronic kidney disease in men. Environ Health Prev Med 17:199–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-011-0238-6
Gezahegn WW, Srinivasulu A, Aruna B, Banerjee S, Sudarshan M, Narayana PL, Rao A (2017) Study of heavy metals accumulation in leafy vegetables of Ethiopia. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol 11:57–68. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105015768
Goro KK, Wolide AD, Dibaba FK, Fufa FG, Garedow AW, Tufa BE, Bobasa EM (2019) Patient awareness, prevalence, and risk factors of chronic kidney disease among diabetes mellitus and hypertensive patients at Jimma University Medical Center. Ethiopia Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2383508
Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, Thadhani R, Bonventre JV (2002) Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 62:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00433.x
Han W, Waikar SS, Johnson A, Betensky RA, Dent CL, Devarajan P, Bonventre JV (2008) Urinary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 73:863–869. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002715
Hu EA, Lazo M, Rosenberg SD, Grams ME, Steffen LM, Coresh J, Rebholz CM (2020) Alcohol consumption and incident kidney disease: results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. J Renal Nutr 30:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2019.01.011
Ichimura T, Hung CC, Yang SA, Stevens JL, Bonventre JV (2004) Kidney injury molecule-1: a tissue and urinary biomarker for nephrotoxicant-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol-Renal Physiol 286:F552–F563. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00285.2002
Iseki K (2008) Gender differences in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Inter 74:415–417. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.261
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, Lefevre ML, Mackenzie TD, Ogedegbe O (2014) Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 311:507–520. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284427
Joo YS, Koh H, Nam KH, Lee S, Kim J, Lee C, Yun HR, Park JT, Kang EW, Chang TI (2020) Alcohol consumption and progression of chronic kidney disease: results from the Korean cohort study for outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc 95:293–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.06.014
Kassegne AB, Esho TB, Okonkwo JO, Asfaw SL (2018) Distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediments from Akaki River catchment and Aba Samuel reservoir, Central Ethiopia. Environ Syst Res 7:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-018-0127-8
Kassegne A, Berhanu T, Okonkwo J, Leta S (2019) Assessment of trace metals in water samples and tissues of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from the akaki river catchment and the aba samuel reservoir, central Ethiopia. Afr J Aquat Sci 44:389–399. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2019.1671164
Kim NH, Hyun YY, Lee KB, Chang Y, Rhu S, Oh KH, Ahn C (2015) Environmental heavy metal exposure and chronic kidney disease in the general population. J Korean Med Sci 30:272–277. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2015.30.3.272
Koning SH, Gansevoort RT, Mukamal KJ, Rimm EB, Bakker SJ, Joosten MM (2015) Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with the risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Kidney Inter 87:1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2014.414
Koseoglu E, Koseoglu R, Kendirci M, Saraymen R, Saraymen B (2017) Trace metal concentrations in hair and nails from Alzheimer’s disease patients: relations with clinical severity. J Trace Elem Med Biol 39:124–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.09.002
Krzesinski J-M, Sumaili KE, Cohen E (2007) How to tackle the avalanche of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa: the situation in the democratic Republic of Congo as an example. Nephrol Dial Transpl 22:332–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfl494
Lentini P, Zanoli L, Granata A, Signorelli SS, Castellino P, Dell’aquila R (2017) Kidney and heavy metals-The role of environmental exposure. Mol Med Rep 15:3413–3419. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6389
Levin A, Tonelli M, Bonventre J, Coresh J, Donner J-A, Fogo AB, Fox CS, Gansevoort RT, Heerspink HJ, Jardine M (2017) Global kidney health 2017 and beyond: a roadmap for closing gaps in care, research, and policy. The Lancet 390:1888–1917. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30788-2
Major RW, Cheng MR, Grant RA, Shantikumar S, Xu G, Oozeerally I, Brunskill NJ, Gray LJ (2018) Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 13:e0192895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192895
McWilliam SJ, Antoine DJ, Sabbisetti V, Pearce RE, Jorgensen AL, Lin Y, Leeder JV, Bonventre JV, Smyth RL, Pirmohamed M (2014) Reference intervals for urinary renal injury biomarkers KIM-1 and NGAL in healthy children. Biomark Med 8:1189–1197. https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm.14.36
Mekonnen KN, Ambushe AA, Chandravanshi BS, Redi-Abshiro M, Mccrindle RI (2014) Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River, Ethiopia. Toxicol Environ Chem 96:1501–1515. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2015.1025788
Melaku S, Wondimu T, Dams R, Moens L (2007) Pollution status of Tinishu Akaki River and its tributaries (Ethiopia) evaluated using physico-chemical parameters, major ions, and nutrients. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop 21:13–22. https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v21i1.61364
Mohammed S, Handiso S (2018) A study on the causes of water pollution and its effects on public health in cases Kebena River, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Environ Sci 7:84–89
Narasimhan L, Goodman W, Patel CKN (2001) Correlation of breath ammonia with blood urea nitrogen and creatinine during hemodialysis. PNAS 98:4617–4621. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.071057598
Neugarten J, Golestaneh L (2019) Influence of sex on the progression of chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc 94:1339–1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.12.024
Nickolas TL, Frisch GD, Opotowsky AR, Arons R, Radhakrishnan J (2004) Awareness of kidney disease in the US population: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 44:185–197. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.04.023
O’hare AM, Choi AI, Bertenthal D, Bacchetti P, Garg AX, Kaufman JS, Walter LC, Mehta KM, Steinman MA, Allon M (2007) Age affects outcomes in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2758–2765. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2007040422
Ogunkunle CO, Mustapha K, Oyedeji S, Fatoba PO (2016) Assessment of metallic pollution status of surface water and aquatic macrophytes of earthen dams in Ilorin, north-central of Nigeria as indicators of environmental health. J King Saud Univ Sci 28:324–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.11.005
Orr SE, Bridges CC (2017) Chronic kidney disease and exposure to nephrotoxic metals. Int J Mol Sci 18:1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18051039
Pavkovic M, Robinson-Cohen C, Chua AS, Nicoara O, Cardenas-Gonzalez M, Bijol V, Ramachandran K, Hampson L, Pirmohamed M, Antoine DJ (2016) Detection of drug-induced acute kidney injury in humans using urinary KIM-1, miR-21,-200c, and-423. Toxicol Sci 152:205–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfw077
Prakash S, O’hare AM (2009) Interaction of aging and chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 29:497–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.06.006
Qayyum MA, Shah MH (2017) Study of trace metal imbalances in the blood, scalp hair and nails of oral cancer patients from Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 593:191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.169
Ravarotto V, Simioni F, Pagnin E, Davis PA, Calo LA (2018) Oxidative stress–chronic kidney disease–cardiovascular disease: A vicious circle. Life Sci 210:125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.067
Rehman K, Fatima F, Waheed I, Akash MSH (2018) Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. J Cell Biochem 119:157–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26234
Rudy M (2009) The analysis of correlations between the age and the level of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in tissues and the chemical composition of sheep meat from the region in SE Poland. Food Chem Toxicol 47:1117–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.035
Sabath E, Robles-Osorio ML (2012) Medio ambiente yriñón: nefrotoxicidad por metales pesados. Nefrologia (madrid) 32:279–286. https://doi.org/10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012
Schaeffner E, Ritz E (2012) Alcohol and kidney damage: a Janus-faced relationship. Kidney Inter 81:816–818. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.14
Singh L, Agarwal T (2018) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diet: Concern for public health. Trends Food Sci Technol 79:160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.017
Slotnick MJ, Nriagu JO, Johnson MM, Linder AM, Savoie KL, Jamil HJ, Hammad AS (2005) Profiles of trace elements in toenails of Arab-Americans in the Detroit area, Michigan. Biol Trace Elem Res 107:113–126. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:107:2:113
Soderland P, Lovekar S, Weiner DE, Brooks DR, Kaufman JS (2010) Chronic kidney disease associated with environmental toxins and exposures. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 17:254–264. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2010.03.011
Tang KWA, Toh QC, Teo BW (2015) Normalisation of urinary biomarkers to creatinine for clinical practice and research–when and why. Singapore Med J 56:7–10. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2015003
Tian L, Shao X, Xie Y, Wang Q, Che X, Zhang M, Xu W, Xu Y, Ni Z, Mou S (2017) Kidney injury molecule-1 is elevated in nephropathy and mediates macrophage activation via the Mapk signalling pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 41:769–783. https://doi.org/10.1159/000458737
Torregrosa I, Montoliu C, Urios A, Andres-Costa MJ, Gimenez-Garzo C, Juan I, Puchades MJ, Blasco ML, Carratala A, Sanjuan R (2015) Urinary KIM-1, NGAL and L-FABP for the diagnosis of AKI in patients with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure undergoing coronary angiography. Heart Vessels 30:703–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-014-0538-z
Tuso PJ (2009) SERVE Ethiopia. Perm J 13:51–64
Urbschat A, Obermuller N, Haferkamp A (2011) Biomarkers of kidney injury. Biomarkers 16:S22–S30. https://doi.org/10.3109/1354750X.2011.587129
Urbschat A, Gauer S, Paulus P, Reissig M, Weipert C, Ramos-Lopez E, Hofmann R, Hadji P, Geiger H, Obermuller N (2014) Serum and urinary NGAL but not KIM-1 raises in human postrenal AKI. Eur J Clin Invest 44:652–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12283
Vaidya VS, Ferguson MA, Bonventre JV (2008) Biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48:463–493
Valcke M, Ouellet N, Dube M, Sidi EAL, Leblanc A, Normandin L, Balion C, Ayotte P (2019) Biomarkers of cadmium, lead and mercury exposure in relation with early biomarkers of renal dysfunction and diabetes: results from a pilot study among aging Canadians. Toxicol Lett 312:148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.014
Vervaet BA, D’haese PC, Verhulst A (2017) Environmental toxin-induced acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 10:747–758. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfx062
Waikar SS, Sabbisetti VS, Bonventre JV (2010) Normalization of urinary biomarkers to creatinine during changes in glomerular filtration rate. Kidney Inter 78:486–494. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.165
Wang Y, Chen X, Song Y, Caballero B, Cheskin L (2008) Association between obesity and kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Inter 73:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002586
Wanigasuriya K, Jayawardene I, Amarasiriwardena C, Wickremasinghe R (2017) Novel urinary biomarkers and their association with urinary heavy metals in chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in Sri Lank: a pilot study. Ceylon Med J 62:210–217
Wasana HM, Perera GD, Gunawardena PDS, Fernando PS, Bandara J (2017) WHO water quality standards vs synergic effect (s) of fluoride, heavy metals and hardness in drinking water on kidney tissues. Sci Rep 7:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42516
Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Amin MG, Stark PC, Macleod B, Griffith JL, Salem DN, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ (2004) Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a pooled analysis of community-based studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1307–1315. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000123691.46138.e2
Wickman C, Kramer H (2013) Obesity and kidney disease: potential mechanisms. Semin Nephrol 33:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.12.006
Wieloch M, Kaminski P, Ossowska A, Koim-Puchowska B, Stuczynski T, Kuligowska-Prusinska M, Dymek G, Mankowska A, Odrowąz-Sypniewska G (2012) Do toxic heavy metals affect antioxidant defense mechanisms in humans? Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 78:95–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.017
Wimalawansa SJ (2016) The role of ions, heavy metals, fluoride, and agrochemicals: critical evaluation of potential aetiological factors of chronic kidney disease of multifactorial origin (CKDmfo/CKDu) and recommendations for its eradication. Environ Geochem Health 38:639–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9768-y
Woldetsadik D, Drechsel P, Keraita B, Itanna F, Gebrekidan H (2017) Heavy metal accumulation and health risk assessment in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Food Contam 4:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-017-0053-y
Wolide AD, Kumela K, Kerga F, Debalke S, Seboka M, Edilu B, Gashe F, Bobassa EM (2020) Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward chronic kidney disease among care providers in Jimma town: cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 20:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09192-5
Yohannes H, Elias E (2017) Contamination of rivers and water reservoirs in and around Addis Ababa City and actions to combat it. Environ Pollut Climate Change 1:116–127
Zheng L, Kuo CC, Fadrowski J, Agnew J, Weaver VM, Navas-Acien A (2014) Arsenic and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Curr Environ Health Rep 1:192–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-014-0024-x
Zhou R, Xu Y, Shen J, Han L, Chen X, Feng X, Kuang X (2016) Urinary KIM-1: a novel biomarker for evaluation of occupational exposure to lead. Sci Rep 6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38930
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the UK Research and Innovation’s Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) for supporting this research. The authors also thank Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) for covering the cost of biomarkers.
Funding
This work was supported by the Water Security and Sustainable Development Hub which is funded by the UK Research and Innovation’s Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF), grant number: ES/S008179/1. The authors also thank Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) for covering the cost of biomarkers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BKD: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing–original draft, Visualization, Writing–review & editing. BM, SRG, AFD, SM, and MLG: Conceptualization, Writing–review & editing. MO and YT: Software & Data curation. CLW, TA, AM and GZ: Conceptualization, Writing–review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Resources, Supervision & Funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval
The study obtained ethical clearance from the Ethical Review Board of Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia (CNSDO/496/10/2018).
Informed consent
Written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Dessie, B.K., Mehari, B., Osman, M. et al. Absence of significant association of trace elements in nails with urinary KIM-1 biomarker among residents of Addis Ababa in Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Biometals 35, 1341–1358 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-022-00448-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-022-00448-8