Abstract
Gravel-sand river terraces were nearly eliminated from central European landscape by river channelization. Monotypic stands of common reed (Phragmites australis) growing on such terraces are often stressed by drought, which makes them vulnerable to Lipara spp. (Diptera: Chloropidae) gallmakers. Although Lipara are considered ecosystem engineers, only fragmentary information is available on the biology of their parasitoids and inquilines. We analyzed the assemblages of arthropods (Arachnida, Collembola, Dermaptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera) that emerged from 17,791 Lipara-induced galls collected in winter from 30 reed beds in the Czech Republic, 15 of which were situated at (post)industrial sites (gravel-sandpits, tailing ponds, limestone quarries, colliery dumps, and reclaimed lignite open-cast mines) and 15 were in near-natural habitats (medieval fishponds, and river and stream floodplains). The Chao-1 estimator indicated 229.3 ± 18.1 species in reed galls at (post)industrial and 218.1 ± 23.6 species at near-natural sites, with the Sørensen index reaching only 0.58. We identified 18 red-listed species and four new species for the Czech Republic (Gasteruption phragmiticola, Echthrodelphax fairchildii, Haplogonatopus oratorius and Enclisis sp.), representing mostly obligate (64 %) or facultative (9 %) reed specialists. We propose that Lipara gall-associated assemblages undergo a long-term cyclic ecological succession. During first 10 years after reed bed formation, only Lipara spp. and several other species occur. During next decades, the reed beds host species-rich assemblages with numerous pioneer species (Singa nitidula, Polemochartus melas) that critically depend on presence of prior disturbances. Middle-aged reed beds (near medieval fishponds) are prevalently enriched in common species only (Oulema duftschmidi, Dimorphopterus spinolae). Habitats with the longest historical continuity (river floodplains) host again species-rich assemblages with several rare species that probably require long-term habitat continuity (Homalura tarsata, Hylaeus moricei). Landscape dynamics is thus critical for the persistence of a full spectrum of reed gall inquilines, with (post)industrials serving as the only refugia for pioneer species ousted from their key nesting habitats at once cyclically disturbed gravel-sand river terraces.
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Notes
G. omoeda is considered a species of mountain spruce forests but emerged from reed galls collected in/near an Alnus glutinosa forest in the Mesophyticum.
These included, e.g., Hypsosinga albovittata, which is a xerothermic species that emerged from reed galls collected at a pine bog and peat meadows with interspersed reed stands in the Mesophyticum.
Some of the dominant spider species were hitherto considered infrequent, with a very limited number of records. For S. nitidula, only a single record was known, e.g., for South Bohemia, from where we obtained 21 individuals from five of the seven sampling sites examined in this region.
First record of Dimorphopterus spinolae for Bohemia: 1F: Bohdanečský fishpond, Lázně Bohdaneč, PU, 28 January 2013. However, this species is common at numerous sites in Moravia and abroad, where it mainly feeds on Calamagrostis epigejos (Wachmann et al. 2007). It causes large-scale damage to reed beds in China, and was even treated with insecticides to suppress its effects (Schaefer and Panizzi 2000).
Males of O. melanopus were approximately 10× more abundant than males of O. duftschmidi. Females of these two species were 1.9× more abundant than males at both types of sampling sites (27/10 vs. 70/6 of females) but were indistinguishable from each other.
The new species for the Czech Republic included Gasteruption phragmiticola (1 ex.: fishpond Baroch, Hrobice, PU, 28 January 2013, 1 ex.: Knovízský stream, Olovnice, ME, 16 February 2013, 1 ex.: disused ash/slag deposit of the lignite power station Triangl, Olešník, CB, 16 March 2013), Enclisis sp. (1 ex.: fishpond Proudnice, Žíželice-Hradištko, KO, 25 January 2013), Haplogonatopus oratorius (1 ex.: sandpit Dobříň, LT, 2 February 2013) and Echthrodelphax fairchildii (1 ex.: sandpit Dobříň, LT, 2 February 2013, 2 ex.: spoil heap Mariánské Radčice, MO, 3 February 2013, 1 ex.: spoil heap Pokrok, Duchcov, TE, 3 February 2013, 1 ex.: gravel-sandpit Vojkovice, ME, 17 February 2013).
Nartshuk (2006) questioned the association of Centrodora amoena (Aphelinidae) with their Lipara hosts proposed by Fulmek (1968), with Orthoptera serving as the only confirmed hosts. In our material from Lipara-induced galls, Centrodora amoena was a dominant species (628 individuals emerged), with Orthoptera completely absent in the examined dataset. Therefore, it is likely that the initial observation by Fulmek was correct.
Aprostocetus orithyia and A. gratus were reported as specialized parasites of Giraudiella inclusa by Tscharntke et al. (1991), who also questioned the previous record of A. orithyia association with Lipara lucens (Graham 1987) and questioned all of the other host records of A. gratus (which was never associated with Lipara flies or any other dipterans reported in our study). In particular, A. orithyia was a dominant species in our dataset (410 individuals emerged). Although our materials contained hundreds of potential cecidomyid hosts, it is important to note that all of this material originated from the microhabitat (galls) that was induced exclusively by Lipara flies. Therefore, Graham was probably correct when reporting it from Lipara galls, but it remains to be tested whether the Lipara spp. themselves can host these two species.
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Acknowledgments
PB and AA were supported by the Specifický výzkum Projects 2101/2013 and 2102/2013 from the University of Hradec Králové, ŠK was supported by the S Grant of Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth of the Czech Republic, and MŘ was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic Project MZe RO0415. We thank Albert Damaška (Prague, Czech Republic), Alois Hamet, Tomáš Kopecký, Jan Pelikán (all Hradec Králové, Czech Republic) and Pavel Tyrner (Litvínov, Czech Republic) for the revision of identification of some specimens. Last but not least, we thank the landlords and quarry operators for allowing access to habitats in industrial areas and/or providing data on history of the particular sampling sites, and the nature conservation authorities for allowing the access to the protected areas.
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Bogusch, P., Macek, J., Janšta, P. et al. Industrial and post-industrial habitats serve as critical refugia for pioneer species of newly identified arthropod assemblages associated with reed galls. Biodivers Conserv 25, 827–863 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1070-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1070-5