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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Study Among Bhil Tribal Population from Two Environmental Settings

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Abstract

Studies have investigated the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs), however with varying results, which could be due to ethnicity differences. Therefore, the present study was conducted among Bhil tribal population (a mendelian population with the common gene pool and same sociocultural attributes), residing in two different environmental settings. The study attempts to understand the distribution and extent of association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism with cardiometabolic risk factors among Bhils from rural and urban settings. All the obesity and blood pressure variables were collected form 432 recruited subjects from both sexes aged 25–65 years and ACE I/D polymorphism was analysed on 299 subjects. Almost all the studied CMRFs were found to be significantly higher among urban Bhils. ACE gene was found to be polymorphic in the studied groups. DD genotype was found to pose more than threefold significant risk for low HDLC only in rural area. Estimate change analysis revealed an increasing D allele dose leads to more than one unit increase in Blood Pressure, and more than three units decrease in HDLC. The study highlights the differential effect of ACE I/D gene polymorphism in different environmental settings.

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Abbreviations

ACE I/D:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion

BMI:

Body mass index

BP:

Blood pressure

CI:

Confidence interval

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

FBG:

Fasting blood glucose

HDLC:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HWE:

Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium

LDLC:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

N:

Normal

OR:

Odd ratio

Ov:

Overweight

Ob:

Obese

Nr:

Normotension

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PrHTN:

Prehypertension

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

SD:

Standard deviation

TC:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglyceride

U:

Underweight

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoprotein

WC:

Waist circumference

WHR:

Waist–hip ratio

HTN:

Hypertension

χ2 :

Chi-square

Kg/m2 :

Kilogram per metre square

Cm:

Centimetres

mmHg:

Millimetre of mercury

mg/dl:

Milligram per decilitre

*P value:

≤ 0.05

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the Department of Science and technology Purse grant Project (DST Purse Grant), University Grants Commission Special assistance programme (UGC-SAP) and UGC NET-JRF for the financial assistance. We extend our thanks to Prof. P. C. Joshi, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Principal investigator of the project and to all the Co-Principal Investigator of DST Purse grant for providing their guidance. We are very much thankful to all the participants for their kind patience and cooperation, and are grateful to the Laboratory of Biochemical and molecular Anthropology for the resources provided for the accomplishment of the work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biochemical and Molecular Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India

    Divya Mishra

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India

    Kiranmala Naorem & Kallur Nava Saraswathy

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  1. Divya Mishra
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  2. Kiranmala Naorem
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Contributions

DM and KNS analysed the data and drafted the manuscript. DM, KNS and NK designed the study, and directed implementation and data collection. DM collected the data and KNS provided necessary logistical support. DM, KNS and NK edited the manuscript for intellectual content and provided critical comments on the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kallur Nava Saraswathy.

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Mishra, D., Naorem, K. & Saraswathy, K.N. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Study Among Bhil Tribal Population from Two Environmental Settings. Biochem Genet 56, 295–314 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-018-9845-x

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