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Development and feeding of Tetraphleps galchanoides, a predator of the hemlock woolly adelgid

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Abstract

Tetraphleps galchanoides Ghauri (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) nymphs were collected from hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) infested Tsuga sp. in Baoxing, Sichuan, China. First and second stage nymphs collected from foliage shipped from China; were reared to adults and tested for feeding rates and host preferences. They were reared at 5, 8, 12, and 15 ± 1 °C from November to December, January to March, April, and May to June, respectively, in the quarantine laboratory at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. At 8 °C, development time was 15, 20, and 40 days for the N-III, IV, and V nymphal stages, respectively. Adult males lived 83 days with a range of 21–147 days. A single adult female lived for 21 days. At 5 °C, second stage T. galchanoides nymphs consumed 0.8 HWA nymphs per day, and 2.0 HWA nymphs per day at the N-V stage. At 8 °C, consumption of HWA nymphs ranged from 1.3 to 3.4 nymphs per day for the N-III to N-V stages, respectively. Adult T. galchanoides consumed more HWA eggs than HWA adults, pine bark adelgid (PBA) Pineusstrobi (Hartig) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) adults, and eggs in no-choice tests. In choice tests with HWA eggs and PBA eggs, more HWA eggs were eaten. Adult and nymph body measurements are presented for determination of nymphal instars.

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Abbreviations

HWA:

Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

PBA:

Pine bark adelgid, Pineus strobi (Hartig), (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Mike Montgomery, USDA Forest Service, Center for Forest Health Research for delivering the foliage to our quarantine facility, and Dr. Bu Wenjun, Professor of Entomology at College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China for identification of the insects. For the translation of Chinese documents we thank Shicai Yan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. This study was supported by USDA Forest Service Grant No. 01-CA-11244225-383 from the USDA Forest Service, Cooperative Lands – Prevention and Suppression Program.

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Author notes

  1. G.M.G. Zilahi-Balogh

    Present address: Department of Environmental Science, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0319, USA

    T.J. McAvoy, G.M.G. Zilahi-Balogh, S.M. Salom & L.T. Kok

  2. Biological Control Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China

    Z. Guoliang

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  1. T.J. McAvoy
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  2. G.M.G. Zilahi-Balogh
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  3. S.M. Salom
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Correspondence to T.J. McAvoy.

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McAvoy, T., Zilahi-Balogh, G., Salom, S. et al. Development and feeding of Tetraphleps galchanoides, a predator of the hemlock woolly adelgid. BioControl 52, 339–350 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-006-9033-5

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