Abstract
The brain tissue has a large oxidative capacity, but its ability to combat oxidative stress is limited. In aging brain tissue the oxidative stress increases due to decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased oxidative stress leading to neurodegeneration associated with excitotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of neuropeptides, neurokinin B (NKB) and amyloid beta protein fragment Aβ (25–35) and neurotransmitters N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) and Glutamate on rat brain synaptosomes of different age groups. Aging brain functions were assessed by measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) and intrasynaptosomal [Ca2+]i levels in presence of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. Increase in age decreased the SOD and MAO enzyme activities; Aβ (25–35) addition further had damaging/toxic effects on the enzymes, whereas NKB alone and in combination with amyloid lowered the toxic effects caused by Aβ (25–35) addition, which was concentration (peptide) and age dependent. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity are major consequences associated with the age, [Ca2+]i was increased with the age and the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters elicited significant modulatory effects on it. Our study elucidates an increased activity of SOD, decreased activity of MAO and restoration of [Ca2+]i levels in the presence of NKB and suggests an antioxidant, neuromodulatory and neuroprotective role of tachykinin peptide NKB against the beta amyloid induced toxicity.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- Aβ (25–35):
-
amyloid beta protein fragment (25–35)
- [Ca2+]i:
-
intrasynaptosomal calcium concentration
- CNS:
-
central nervous system
- 5-HT:
-
5-hydroxytryptamine
- MAO:
-
monoamine oxidase
- NBM:
-
nucleus basalis magnocellularis
- NKA:
-
neurokinin A
- NKB:
-
neurokinin B
- NK1, 2 and 3:
-
neurokinin receptor 1, 2 and 3 respectively
- NMDA:
-
N-methyl d-aspartate
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
- SP:
-
substance P
References
BN Ames MK Shigenaga TM Hagen (1993) ArticleTitleOxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of aging Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 7915–7922 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmtVSksL4%3D Occurrence Handle8367443
M Arundine M Tymianski (2003) ArticleTitleMolecular mechanisms of calcium-dependent neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity Cell Calcium 34 325–337 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0143-4160(03)00141-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvFGgs78%3D Occurrence Handle12909079
R Barker (1991) ArticleTitleSubstance P and neurodegenerative disorders A speculative review Neuropeptides 20 73–78 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0143-4179(91)90054-M Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXmslKktb4%3D Occurrence Handle1724684
MS Benedetti P Dostert (1989) ArticleTitleMonoamine oxidase, brain aging and degenerative diseases Biochem Pharmacol 38 555–561
R Bhatia H Lin R Lal (2000) ArticleTitleFresh and globular amyloid beta protein (1–42) induces rapid cellular degeneration: evidence for amyloid channel-mediated cellular toxicity FASEB J 14 1233–1243 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjvFyjt7c%3D Occurrence Handle10834945
B Boyd (2000) ArticleTitleOngoing progress in the Alzheimer’s disease arena Drug News Perspect 13 425–438 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3szpvVSitg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12937614
MM Bradford (1976) ArticleTitleA rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding Anal Biochem 72 248–254 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28XksVehtrY%3D Occurrence Handle942051
JM Burgunder WS Young SuffixIII (1989) ArticleTitleNeurons with neurokinin B mRNA in the rat magnocellular basal nucleus: distribution, projection and colocalization studies J Chem Neuroanat 2 239–251 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BD38jjtFA%3D Occurrence Handle2478159
SM Cardoso CR Oliveira (2003) ArticleTitleInhibition of NF-kB renders cells more vulnerable to apoptosis induced by amyloid beta peptides Free Radic Res 37 967–973 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotVWgsLc%3D Occurrence Handle14670004
SG Carriedo HZ Yin SL Sensi JH Weiss (1998) ArticleTitleRapid Ca2+ entry through Ca2+-permeable AMPA/Kainate channels triggers marked intracellular Ca2+ rises and consequent oxygen radical production J Neurosci 18 7727–7738 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntVWksrw%3D Occurrence Handle9742143
GN Catravas J Takenaga CG McHale (1977) ArticleTitleEffect of chronic administration of morphine on monoamine oxidase activity in discrete regions of the brain of rats Biochem Pharmacol 26 211–214 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-2952(77)90305-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXktlems7o%3D Occurrence Handle843390
S Consolo L Valzelli (1970) ArticleTitleBrain choline acetylase and monoamine oxidase activity in normal and aggressive mice Eur J Pharmacol 13 129–130 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-2999(70)90193-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXmt1ersQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle5531615
JT Coyle P Puttfarcken (1993) ArticleTitleOxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders Science 262 689–695 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlvVek Occurrence Handle7901908
G Forloni (1993) ArticleTitlebeta-Amyloid neurotoxicity Funct Neurol 8 211–225 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuD3M%2FksFI%3D Occurrence Handle8406141
CW Gray AJ Patel (1995) ArticleTitleNeurodegeneration mediated by glutamate and beta-amyloid peptide: a comparison and possible interaction Brain Res 691 169–179 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-8993(95)00669-H Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXotValtLc%3D Occurrence Handle8590049
LJ Greenlund TL Deckwerth EM Johnson SuffixJr (1995) ArticleTitleSuperoxide dismutase delays neuronal apoptosis: a role for reactive oxygen species in programmed neuronal death Neuron 14 303–315 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0896-6273(95)90287-2 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjvFejs70%3D Occurrence Handle7857640
G Grynkiewicz M Poenie RY Tsien (1985) ArticleTitleA new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties J Biol Chem 260 3440–3450 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXitVSmu7s%3D Occurrence Handle3838314
T Harkany T Hortobagyi M Sasvari C Konya B Penke PG Luiten C Nyakas (1999a) ArticleTitleNeuroprotective approaches in experimental models of beta-amyloid neurotoxicity: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 23 963–1008 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00058-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmsVaqtL0%3D
T Harkany J Mulder M Sasvari I Abraham C Konya M Zarandi B Penke PG Luiten C Nyakas (1999b) ArticleTitleN-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 and radical scavengers protect cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons against beta-amyloid neurotoxicity Neurobiol Dis 6 109–121 Occurrence Handle10.1006/nbdi.1998.0230 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXislOhtrs%3D
T Harkany S O’Mahony JP Kelly K Soos I Toro B Penke PG Luiten C Nyakas K Gulya BE Leonard (1998) ArticleTitleBeta-amyloid(Phe(SO3H)24)25–35 in rat nucleus basalis induces behavioral dysfunctions, impairs learning and memory and disrupts cortical cholinergic innervation Behav Brain Res 90 133–145 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00091-0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtVWktLs%3D Occurrence Handle9580273
SS Kannurpatti PG Joshi NB Joshi (2000) ArticleTitleCalcium sequestering ability of mitochondria modulates influx of calcium through glutamate receptor channel Neurochem Res 25 1527–1536 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1026602100160 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXovFyhtro%3D Occurrence Handle11152381
J Knoll (1993) ArticleTitleThe pharmacological basis of the beneficial␣effects of (-) deprenyl (selegiline) in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases J. Neural Transm 40(Suppl) 69–91
S Koizumi M Ishiguro I Ohsawa T Morimoto C Takamura K Inoue S Kohsaka (1998) ArticleTitleThe effect of a secreted form of beta-amyloid-precursor protein on intracellular Ca2+ increase in rat cultured hippocampal neurones Br J Pharmacol 123 1483–1489 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.bjp.0701712 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXislarsrg%3D Occurrence Handle9605551
JE Kokoszka P Coskun LA Esposito DC Wallace (2001) ArticleTitleIncreased mitochondrial oxidative stress in the Sod2 (+/−) mouse results in the age-related decline of mitochondrial function culminating in increased apoptosis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 2278–2283 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.051627098 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhslKntbw%3D Occurrence Handle11226230
M Lafon-Cazal S Pietri M Culcasi J Bockaert (1993) ArticleTitleNMDA-dependent superoxide production and neurotoxicity Nature 364 535–537 Occurrence Handle10.1038/364535a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlslylur4%3D Occurrence Handle7687749
JG Logan DJ O’Donvan (1976) ArticleTitleSome characteristics of the␣noradrenaline activated ATPases of cerebral synaptic membranes J Physiol 263 246–247
CA Maggi (1997) ArticleTitleThe effects of tachykinins on inflammatory and immune cells Regul Pept 70 75–90 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-0115(97)00029-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlsFSjsL8%3D Occurrence Handle9272619
JE Maggio (1988) ArticleTitleTachykinins Annu Rev Neurosci 11 13–28 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.000305 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhvVSisbY%3D Occurrence Handle3284438
AK Mantha IR Chandrashekar NZ Baquer SM Cowsik (2004) ArticleTitleThree-dimensional structure of the mammalian tachykinin peptide neurokinin B bound to lipid micelles J Biomol Struct Dyn 22 137–148 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXns1yntLs%3D Occurrence Handle15317475
Mantha AK, Moorthy K, Cowsik SM and Baquer NZ (2006) Membrane associated functions of neurokinin B (NKB) on Aβ (25–35) induced toxicity in aging rat brain synaptosomes. Biogerentology. (in press)
S Marklund G Marklund (1974) ArticleTitleInvolvement of the super anion radicals in the autoxidation of pyrogollol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase Eur J Biochm 47 469–474 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXhtlGm
MP Mattson (1994) ArticleTitleCalcium and neuronal injury in Alzheimer’s disease. Contributions of beta-amyloid precursor protein mismetabolism, free radicals, and metabolic compromise Ann NY Acad Sci 747 50–76 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXovVSjsLw%3D Occurrence Handle7847692
MP Mattson B Cheng D Davis K Bryant I Lieberburg RE Rydel (1992) ArticleTitleBeta-Amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity J Neurosci 12 376–389 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhvFajs74%3D Occurrence Handle1346802
MP Mattson MA Lovell K Furukawa WR Markesbery (1995) ArticleTitleNeurotrophic factors attenuate glutamate-induced accumulation of peroxides, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and neurotoxicity and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in hippocampal neurons J Neurochem 65 1740–1751 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXotFOksL4%3D Occurrence Handle7561872
KA Maubach C Cody RS Jones (1998) ArticleTitleTachykinins may modify spontaneous epileptiform activity in the rat entorhinal cortex in vitro by activating GABAergic inhibition Neuroscience 83 1047–1062 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00469-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtFWqs7o%3D Occurrence Handle9502245
CS Mayanil NZ Baquer (1983) ArticleTitleMechanism of involvement of monoamine Oxidase in the regulation of Na+ - K+ ATPase in rat brain Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 757 151–155 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXktVahtLs%3D Occurrence Handle6303439
CS Mayanil SM Kazmi NZ Baquer (1982) ArticleTitleNa+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in different regions of rat brain during alloxan diabetes J Neurochem 39 903–908 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38Xlsl2ks7k%3D Occurrence Handle6126523
B Meldrum J Garthwaite (1990) ArticleTitleExcitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease Trends Pharmacol Sci 11 379–387 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0165-6147(90)90184-A Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXlvVCrsrk%3D Occurrence Handle2238094
ML Michaelis CT Foster C Jayawickreme (1992) ArticleTitleRegulation of calcium levels in brain tissue from adult and aged rats Mech Ageing Dev 62 291–306 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0047-6374(92)90114-S Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XitFWlu7g%3D Occurrence Handle1583914
D Muralikrishnan M Ebadi (2001) ArticleTitleSKF-38393, a dopamine receptor antagonist, attenuates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity Brain Res 892 241–247 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02994-2 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtFSmt7c%3D Occurrence Handle11172770
DG Nicholls MW Ward (2000) ArticleTitleMitochondrial membrane potential and neuronal glutamate excitotoxicity: mortality and millivolts. Trends Neurosci 23 166–174 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01534-9 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvVOltLk%3D Occurrence Handle10717676
Y Niwa O Iizawa K Ishimoto H Akamatsu T Kanoh (1993) ArticleTitleAge-dependent basal level and induction capacity of copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase and other scavenging enzyme activities in leukocytes from young and elderly adults Am J Pathol 143 312–320 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmt1amtL4%3D Occurrence Handle8317554
RA Omar YJ Chyan AC Andorn B Poeggeler NK Robakis MA Pappolla (1999) ArticleTitleIncreased Expression but Reduced Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Alzheimer’s Disease J Alzheimers Dis 1 139–145 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvFyisA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12213999
L Oreland CG Gottfries (1986) ArticleTitleBrain and brain monoamine oxidase in aging and in dementia of Alzheimer’s type Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 10 533–540 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0278-5846(86)90023-0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXmsFSnuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle3797686
NM Page RJ Woods PJ Lowry (2001) ArticleTitleA regulatory role for neurokinin B in placental physiology and pre-eclampsia Regul Pept 98 97–104 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-0115(00)00239-1 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsVOjt7k%3D Occurrence Handle11231038
CJ Pike N Ramezan-Arab CW Cotman (1997) ArticleTitleBeta-amyloid neurotoxicity in vitro: evidence of oxidative stress but not protection by antioxidants J Neurochem 69 1601–1611 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmsVCksbo%3D Occurrence Handle9326289
ZH Qin Y Wang TN Chase (1996) ArticleTitleStimulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors induces apoptosis in rat brain Brain Res 725 166–176 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjvFCqurs%3D Occurrence Handle8836522
D Regoli A Boudon JL Fauchere (1994) ArticleTitleReceptors and antagonists for substance P and related peptides Pharmacol Rev 46 551–599 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjs12htro%3D Occurrence Handle7534932
J Saura AM Luque M Cesura M Prada ParticleDa V Chan-Palay G Huber J Loeffler JG Richards (1994) ArticleTitleIncreased monoamine oxidase B activity in plaque-associated astrocytes of Alzheimer brains revealed by quantitative enzyme radioautography Neuroscience 62 15–30 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0306-4522(94)90311-5 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqC3Mros1w%3D Occurrence Handle7816197
JB Schulz DR Henshaw D Siwek BG Jenkins RJ Ferrante PB Cipolloni NW Kowall BR Rosen MF Beal (1995) ArticleTitleInvolvement of free radicals in excitotoxicity in vivo J Neurochem 64 2239–2247 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXltFygu74%3D Occurrence Handle7536809
M Solti T Bartfai (1987) ArticleTitleTachykinin regulation of serotonin release: enhancement of [3H]serotonin release from rat cerebral cortex by neuromedin K and substance P acting at distinct receptor sites Brain Res 401 377–380 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-8993(87)91424-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXps1Oksg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2434195
P Somogyi JV Priestley AC Cuello AD Smith JP Bolam (1982) ArticleTitleSynaptic connections of substance P-immunoreactive nerve terminals in the substantia nigra of the rat. A correlated light- and electron-microscopic study Cell Tissue Res 223 469–486 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00218469 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi2B3szmsVc%3D Occurrence Handle6178509
W Song LJ Zhou SX Zheng XZ Zhu (2000) ArticleTitleAmyloid-beta 25–35 peptide induces expression of monoamine oxidase B in cultured rat astrocytes Acta Pharmacol Sin 21 557–563 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktlygsbc%3D Occurrence Handle11360691
B Stix G Reiser (1998) ArticleTitleBeta-amyloid peptide 25–35 regulates basal and hormone-stimulated Ca2+ levels in cultured rat astrocytes Neurosci Lett 243 121–124 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00106-2 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtlOgsro%3D Occurrence Handle9535128
CB Thompson (1995) ArticleTitleApoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease Science 267 1456–1462 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktlClt70%3D Occurrence Handle7878464
M Tomaszewicz LG Micossi H Bielarczyk D Luszawska I Santarelli A Szutowicz (1991) ArticleTitleDifferential effects of angiotensin II and eledoisin on monoamine oxidase A and B activities in rat brain J Neurochem 56 729–732 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhtlKlurg%3D Occurrence Handle1899693
CM Troy ML Shelanski (1994) ArticleTitleDown regulation of Copper/Zinc superoxide dismutase causes apoptotic death in pcl2 neuronal cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 6383–6387
E Turska L Lachowicz W Koziolkiewicz T Wasiak (1985) ArticleTitleEffects of analogues of substance P fragments on the MAO activity in rat brain Gen Pharmacol 16 293–295 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXktFOhu7g%3D Occurrence Handle2410326
S Varadarajan J Kanski M Aksenova C Lauderback DA Butterfield (2001) ArticleTitleDifferent mechanisms of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity for Alzheimer’s A beta(1–42) and A beta(25–35) J Am Chem Soc 123 5625–5631 Occurrence Handle10.1021/ja010452r Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVWisrw%3D Occurrence Handle11403592
O Vergun AI Sobolevsky MV Yelshansky J Keelan BI Khodorov MR Duchen (2001) ArticleTitleExploration of the role of reactive oxygen species in glutamate neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurones in culture J Physiol 531 147–163 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0147j.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitlSltL8%3D Occurrence Handle11179399
M Vertechy MB Cooper O Ghirardi MT Ramacci (1993) ArticleTitleThe effect of age on the activity of enzymes of peroxide metabolism in rat brain Exp Gerontol 28 77–85 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0531-5565(93)90022-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhs1Grt78%3D Occurrence Handle8382167
PC Waldmeier R Kam K Stocklin (1978) ArticleTitleIncreased dopamine metabolism in rat striatum after infusions of substance P into the substantia nigra Brain Res 159 223–227 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-8993(78)90124-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXmslSgsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle728796
GL Wenk LM Baker JD Stoehr B Hauss-Wegrzyniak W Danysz (1998) ArticleTitleNeuroprotection by novel antagonists at the NMDA receptor channel and glycineB sites Eur J Pharmacol 347 183–187 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00112-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXivVGjtLs%3D Occurrence Handle9653879
GL Wenk NE Rance SL Mobley (1995) ArticleTitleEffects of excitatory amino acid lesions upon neurokinin B and acetylcholine neurons in the nucleus basalis of the rat Brain Res 679 8–14 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-8993(95)00187-U Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXlsFCiur8%3D Occurrence Handle7544224
GL Wenk W Zajaczkowski W Danysz (1997) ArticleTitleNeuroprotection of acetylcholinergic basal forebrain neurons by memantine and neurokinin B Behav Brain Res 83 129–133 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0166-4328(97)86056-1 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhs1yrsL4%3D Occurrence Handle9062671
W Weyler CC Titlow JI Salach (1990) ArticleTitleCatalytically active monoamine oxidase type A from human liver expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains covalent FAD Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173 1205–1211 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80914-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXnslCrtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2125217
R Wojtkowiak E Turska L Lachowicz W Koziolkiewicz (1990) ArticleTitleEffects of N- and C-terminal fragments of substance P on ATPase and monoamine oxidase activities in rat brain Gen Pharmacol 21 403–406 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXkvFWmsLk%3D Occurrence Handle1696230
BA Yankner LK Duffy DA Kirschner (1990) ArticleTitleNeurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid protein: Reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides Science 250 279–282 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlslansg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2218531
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mantha, A.K., Moorthy, K., Cowsik, S.M. et al. Neuroprotective Role of Neurokinin B (NKB) on β-amyloid (25–35) Induced Toxicity in Aging Rat Brain Synaptosomes: Involvement in Oxidative Stress and Excitotoxicity. Biogerontology 7, 1–17 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-005-6043-0
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-005-6043-0