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Ticks and tick-borne pathogens of dogs along an elevational and land-use gradient in Chiriquí province, Panamá

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Abstract

Systematic acarological surveys are useful tools in assessing risk to tick-borne infections, especially in areas where consistent clinical surveillance for tick-borne disease is lacking. Our goal was to identify environmental predictors of tick burdens on dogs and tick-borne infectious agents in dog-derived ticks in the Chiriquí Province of western Panama to draw inferences about spatio-temporal variation in human risk to tick-borne diseases. We used a model-selection approach to test the relative importance of elevation, human population size, vegetative cover, and change in landuse on patterns of tick parasitism on dogs. We collected 2074 ticks, representing four species (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. microplus, Amblyomma ovale, and Ixodes boliviensis) from 355 dogs. Tick prevalence ranged from 0 to 74% among the sites we sampled, and abundance ranged from 0 to 20.4 ticks per dog with R. sanguineus s.l. being the most commonly detected tick species (97% of all ticks sampled). Whereas elevation was the best single determinant of tick prevalence and abundance on dogs, the top models also included predictor variables describing vegetation cover and landuse change. Specifically, low-elevation areas associated with decreasing vegetative cover were associated with highest tick occurrence on dogs, potentially because of the affinity of R. sanguineus for human dwellings. Although we found low prevalence of tick-borne pathogen genera (two Rickettsia-positive ticks, no R. rickettsia or Ehrlichia spp.) in our study, all of the tick species we collected from dogs are known vectors of zoonotic pathogens. In areas where epidemiological surveillance infrastructure is limited, field-based assessments of acarological risk can be useful and cost-effective tools in efforts to identify high-risk environments for tick-transmitted pathogens.

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to the many residents of Chiriquí who participated in this Project by allowing tick collection from their dogs. AMF was funded, in part, by a Robert F. Smart Summer Fellowship at the University of Richmond and this Project was initiated in collaboration with the School for Field Studies. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers whose feedback allowed us to make important improvements to this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA

    A. Michelle Ferrell & R. Jory Brinkerhoff

  2. School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    R. Jory Brinkerhoff

  3. Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David, Panama

    Juan Bernal

  4. Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama

    Sergio E Bermúdez

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  1. A. Michelle Ferrell
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Correspondence to R. Jory Brinkerhoff.

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All applicable institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed and the protocols implemented in this work were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the School for International Training (SIT) Panama: Tropical Ecology, Marine Ecosystems, and Biodiversity Conservation. This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

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Ferrell, A.M., Brinkerhoff, R.J., Bernal, J. et al. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens of dogs along an elevational and land-use gradient in Chiriquí province, Panamá. Exp Appl Acarol 71, 371–385 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-017-0116-z

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