Abstract
Complex agroforestry systems (AFS) based on the diversity of natural ecosystems have been strategic for the restoration of the degraded areas allying biodiversity conservation with food production that allows minimizing restoration costs. We supposed that AFS may provide diversification of production and earnings for farmers over time depending on the system design, species utilized, and management. The financial analysis conducted in a biodiverse, multistratified, and successional AFS, with 20 species mostly from the Rainforest, associated with annual species pointed out that the restoration costs were minimized. The financial analysis was based on technical and economic coefficients obtained for two years and simulated for 20 years. The established AFS (EAFS), however, demonstrated low financial performance in the first 10 years of the project with IRR of -3.9% and 5.6% and B/C ratio of 0.8 and 1.1 for 10 and 20 years, respectively, with payback in 14 years. Based on the results obtained, simulation of a system (SAFS) was carried out from changes in the arrangement, species selection, and management. The SAFS presented IRR of 20.7% e 13.5%, B/C ratio of 1.6 and 1.8 for 10 and 20 years, respectively, with payback in 2 years. It has been shown that financial analysis might help to promote agroforestry restoration and the environmental compliance of rural properties through the financial prognosis of the system that allows the generation of products with a positive financial balance over the time required for the ecological restoration process.









Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arco-Verde MF, Amaro GC (2014) Análise financeira de sistemas produtivos integrados. Colombo: Embrapa Florestas 74p
Assaf Neto A, Lima FG (2014) Curso de administração financeira. 3 ed. São Paulo. Atlas
Beltrame TP et al. (2003) Sistemas agroflorestais na recuperação de áreas de Reserva Legal: um estudo de caso no Pontal do Paranapanema, São Paulo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE AGROECOLOGIA, Porto Alegre, 44–47.
Bijarpas MM, Shahraji TR, Limaei SM (2015) Socioeconomic evaluation of agroforestry systems (Case study: Northern Iran). J For Sci 61(11):478–484
CEDAGRO/TNC (2018) Análise de mercado potencial de espécies florestais nativas do Estado do Espírito Santo. Documento Síntese. Centro de Desenvolvimento do Agronegócio / The Nature Conservancy, Vitória, ES 9p
Cerda R, Deheuvels O, Calvache D, Niehaus L, Saenz Y, Kent J, Vilchez S, Villota A, Martinez C, Somarriba E (2014) Contribution of cocoa agroforestry systems to family income and domestic consumption: looking toward intensification. Agrofor Syst 88:957–981
Daronco C, Melo ACG, Machado JAR (2012) Consórcio de espécies nativas da floresta estacional semidecidual com mandioca (manihot sculenta crantz) para restauração de mata ciliar. Revista Árvore 36(2):291–299
Engel V, Parrota J (2003) Definindo a restauração ecológica: tendências e perspectivas mundiais. In: Kageyama P. et al. (Eds.) Restauração ecológica de ecossistemas naturais. Botucatu: FEPAF, pp 1–26
Erdman TK (2005) Agroforestry as a tool for restoring forest landscapes. In: Mansourian S, Vallauri D, Dudley N (eds) Forest restoration in landscapes: beyond planting trees. Springer, New York, pp 274–279
SOSMA (2020) Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica - período 2018–2019. Relatório Técnico, São Paulo 61p
Garcia de Jalon S, Graves A, Palma JHN, Williams A, Upson M, Burguess PJ (2018) Modelling and valuing the environmental impacts of arable, forestry and agroforestry systems: a case study. Agrofor Syst 92(4):1059–1073
Gitman L J (2010) Princípios de administração financeira. 10a ed. Pearson Addison Wesley, São Paulo, 800p
Graefe S, Dufour D, Van Zonneveld M, Rodriguez F, Guimarães AG (2013) Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) in tropical Latin America: implications for biodiversity conservation, natural resource management and human nutrition. Biodivers Conserv 22(2):269–300
IBGE (2017) INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Pesquisa Agropecuária disponível em: https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/pesquisa/censo-agropecuario/censo-agropecuario-2017. Acesso em outubro 2020.
Kumar S (2019) Agroforestry as a source of enhancement of livelihood options in rural areas of Jharkhand state of India. In: 4th World Congress on Agroforestry. Book of abstracts 439
Lederman MR, Padovan MP (2005) Conservação da Mata Atlântica no Estado do Espírito Santo: Cobertura florestal e Unidades de Conservação. Instituto de Pesquisas da Mata Atlântica, Vitória, ES 142p
Leite TVP (2014) Sistemas Agroflorestais na recuperação de espaços protegidos por lei (APP e Reserva Legal): Estudo de caso do sítio Geranium, DF. Universidade de Brasília. Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Brasília, DF. Available at https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/17128
Lieberei R, Gasparotto L, Preisinger H, Schroth G, Reisdorff C (2000) Characteristics of Sustainable polyculture production systems on terra firme. In: Lieberei R, Bianchi H-K, Boehm V, Reisdorff C (eds) Neotropical Ecosystems. Proceedings of the German-Brazilian Workshop, Hamburg, GKSS, Geesthacht, pp 653–660
Marlay S E (2015) Evaluación del potencial de los proyectos agroforestales para lograr beneficios ambientales y socioeconómicos en zonas rurales de Haití. In: Sistemas agroforestales. Funciones productivas, socioeconómicas y ambientales. Montagnini, F; Somarriba, E; Murgueitio, E; Fassola, H; Eibl, B. (eds) Serie técnica. Informe técnico 402. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. Chapter 9, 203–230.
Mercer DE, Haggar J, Snook A, Sosa M (2005) Agroforestry Adoption in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche, Mexico. Small-Scale Forest Econ Manage Policy 4(2):163–184
Mercer DE, Frey GE, Cubbage FW (2014) Economics of Agroforestry. In: Kant S, Alavalapati JRR (eds) Handbook of Forest Economics. Earthscan from Routledge, New York, pp 188–209
Miccolis A, Peneireiros FM, Vieira DLM, Marques HR, Hoffmann MRM (2019) Restoration through agroforestry: options for reconciling livelihoods with conservation in the cerrado and caatinga biomes in Brazil. Expl Agric 55(S1):208–225
Montagnini F, Jordan CF, Machado RM (2000) Agroforestry systems as successional analogs to native forests. In: Montagnini F, Ashton MS (eds) The silvicultural basis for agroforestry systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 207–228
Notaro M, Gary C, Deheuvels O (2019) Contribution of plant diversity to farmers’ income in cocoa-based agroforestry systems. 4th World Congress on Agroforestry, book of abstracts 442
Oliveira RE, Carvalhaes MA (2016) Agroforestry as a tool for restoration in Atlantic Forest: can we find multi-purpose species? Oecologia Australis 20(4):425–435
Oliveira TJF, Barroso DG, Andrade AG, Freitas SJ (2016) Consórcio de espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica com milho e feijão para revegetação de mata ciliar na região noroeste fluminense. Revista Floresta 46(3):315–324
Padovan MP, Ruas FG, Bressan JA, Vilasboas FS, Jesus D, Braz WFF (2018) Sistema agroflorestal como estratégia de restauração: capacitação para ganho de escala. II Conferência Brasileira De Restauração Ecológica 28(2):137
Padovan MP, Ruas FG, Nogueira FF, Braz WFF, Arco-Verde MF (2019) Agricultura sustentável com produtos da Mata Atlântica. Incaper Em Revista, Vitória 10:68–89
Padovesi A, Bazarian S, Corrêa F F, Giordano S R; Benini R M, Rodrigues R R, Torezan J M D, Chazdon R (2018) A Reserva Legal que queremos para a Mata Atlântica. Pacto pela Restauração da Mata Atlântica 104p
Palacios Bucheli VJ, Bokelmann W (2017) Agroforestry systems for biodiversity and ecosystem services: the case of the Sibundoy Valley in the Colombian. Province of Putumayo, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 13(1):380–397
Ramírez OA, Somarriba E, Ludewigs T, Ferreira P (2001) Financial returns, stability and risk of cacao-plantain-timber agroforestry systems in Central America. Agrofor Syst 51(2):141–154
Rodrigues ER, Cullen L, Beltrame TP, Moscogliato AV, Silva IC (2007) Avaliação econômica de sistemas agroflorestais implantados para recuperação de Reserva Legal no pontal do Paranapanema, São Paulo. Revista Árvore, Viçosa, MG 31(5):941–948
Rodrigues ER, Cullen L, Moscogliato AV, Beltrame TP (2008) O uso do sistema agroflorestal Taungya na restauração de Reservas Legais: indicadores econômicos. Revista Floresta, Curitiba, PR 38(3):517–525
Rodrigues RR, Lima RAF, Gandolfi S, Nave AG (2009) On the restoration of high diversity forests: 30 years of experience in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biol Cons 142:1242–1251
Santos MJ, Rodriguez LCE, Wandelli EV (2002) Avaliação econômica de quatro modelos agroflorestais em áreas degradadas por pastagens na Amazônia Ocidental. Scientia Forestalis 62:48–61
SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration Society for Ecological Restoration (2004) SER, Washington DC.
Udawatta RP, Rankoth LM, Jose S (2019) Agroforestry and Biodiversity Sustainability 11:2879
UICN (2020) Restore our Future – The Bonn Challenge. Impact and potential of forest landscape restoration 40p
Vieira DLM, Holl KD, Peneireiro FM (2009) Agro-successional restoration as a strategy to facilitate tropical forest recovery. Restor Ecol 17(4):451–459
WWF-Brasil (2020) Avaliação financeira da restauração florestal com agroflorestas na Amazônia. Caracterização e indicadores de viabilidade de sistemas agroflorestais sucessionais na RESEX Chico Mendes, Xapuri/AC Brasil. 171p
Acknowledgements
To Instituto Terra and Cupido Farm for their support for developing the experiment and to Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa, Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento—BNDES, Confederação Nacional da Agricultura—CNA, Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura do Estado do Espírito Santo—Seag, and Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural—Incaper, which through the Biomas Project funded the research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Padovan, M.P., Nogueira, F.F., Ruas, F.G. et al. Financial analysis of a complex agroforestry system for environmental restoration purpose in the Brazilian Rainforest. Agroforest Syst 96, 235–248 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00655-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00655-1