Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Dear Mental Health Practitioners, Take Care of Yourselves: a Literature Review on Self-Care

  • REVIEW ARTICLE
  • Published:
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Stress, burnout, and professional impairment are prevalent among mental health professionals and can have a negative impact on their clinical work, whilst engagement in self-care can help promote therapist well-being. This literature review examines the role of self-care in the promotion of well-being among mental health practitioners. Specifically, empirical research is presented in relation to specific domains of self-care practice, including awareness, balance, flexibility, physical health, social support, and spirituality. Findings from this review underscore the importance of taking a proactive approach to self-care and, in particular, integrating self-care directly into clinical training programs and into the quality assurance processes of professional organizations within the field of mental health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  • Ahola, K., Honkonen, T., Virtanen, M., Kivimäki, M., Isometsä, E., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J. (2007). Interventions in relation to occupational burnout: The population-based health 2000 study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49(9), 943–952.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Åkerstedt, T., Kecklund, G., & Axelsson, J. (2007). Impaired sleep after bedtime stress and worries. Biological Psychology, 76, 170–173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Backman, C. L. (2004). Occupational balance: Exploring the relationships among daily occupations and their influence on well-being. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71(4), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740407100404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, J., & Pennebaker, J. (2011). A postdeployment expressive writing intervention for military couples: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(5), 581–585.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bambling, M., King, R., Raue, P., Schweitzer, R., & Lambert, W. (2006). Clinical supervision: Its influence on client-rated working alliance and client symptom reduction in the brief treatment of major depression. Psychotherapy Research, 16(3), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500268524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bamonti, P. M., Keelan, C. M., Larson, N., Mentrikoski, J. M., Randall, C. L., Sly, S. K., . . . McNeil, D. W. (2014). Promoting ethical behavior by cultivating a culture of self-care during graduate training: A call to action. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 8(4), 253–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, C. A., & Phelan, A. M. (2007). Peer collaboration: A model to support counsellor self-care. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 41(1), 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, J. E., & Cooper, N. (2009). Creating a culture of self-care. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16(1), 16–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, J. E., Baker, E. K., Elman, N. S., & Schoener, G. R. (2007). In pursuit of wellness: The self-care imperative. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(6), 603–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bearse, J. L., McMinn, M. R., Seegobin, W., & Free, K. (2013). Barriers to psychologists seeking mental health care. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(3), 150–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettney, L. (2017). Reflecting on self-care practices during clinical psychology training and beyond. Reflective Practice, 18(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2017.1294532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boellinghaus, I., Jones, F. W., & Hutton, J. (2013). Cultivating self-care and compassion in psychological therapists in training: The experience of practicing loving-kindness meditation. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(4), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, T., Butterworth, A., & Mairs, H. (2007). Does structured clinical supervision during psychosocial intervention education enhance outcome for mental health nurses and the service users they work with? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 14(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01021.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, M., Anderson, J. O., Uhlemann, M. R., & Horwitz, E. (2006). Secondary traumatic stress: An investigation of Canadian mental health workers. Traumatology: An International Journal, 12(4), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765606297817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, N. W., Pakenham, K. I., & Brown, W. J. (2010). Are psychologists willing and able to promote physical activity as part of psychological treatment? International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(4), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9087-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, L. D., Carello, J., & Maguin, E. (2017). Trauma, stress, and self-care in clinical training: Predictors of burnout, decline in health status, secondary traumatic stress symptoms, and compassion satisfaction. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(4), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calicchia, J. A., & Graham, L. B. (2006). Assessing the relationship between spirituality, life stressors, and social resources: Buffers of stress in graduate students. North American Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 307–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Psychological Association (2017). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists (4th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.cpa.ca/docs/File/Ethics/CPA_Code_2017_4thEd.pdf

  • Chang, K. (2014). An opportunity for positive change and growth: Music therapists’ experiences of burnout. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy, 20(2), 64–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, W., Gui, Y. L., Hung, Y. J., Yang, C. Y., & Shiao, J. S. (2015). Short sleep duration is dose-dependently related to job strain and burnout in nurses: A cross sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52, 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.09.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christopher, J. C., & Maris, J. A. (2010). Integrating mindfulness as self-care into counselling and psychotherapy training. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 10(2), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733141003750285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christopher, J. C., Chrisman, J. A., Trotter-Mathison, M., Schure, M. B., Dahlen, P., & Christopher, S. B. (2011). Perceptions of the long-term influence of mindfulness training on counselors and psychotherapists: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51(3), 318–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167810381471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H. K., Murdock, N. L., & Koetting, K. (2009). Predicting burnout and career choice satisfaction in counseling psychology graduate students. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(4), 580–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colman, D. E., Echon, R., Lemay, M. S., McDonald, J., Smith, K. R., Spencer, J., & Swift, J. K. (2016). The efficacy of self-care for graduate students in professional psychology: A meta-analysis. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 10(4), 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., Rozalski, V., Thompson, K. L., Rojas-Flores, L., & Herrera, S. (2013). Teaching in violent communities: The contribution of meaning made of stress on psychiatric distress and burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, 20(3), 254–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dearing, R. L., Maddux, J. E., & Tangney, J. P. (2005). Predictors of psychological help seeking in clinical and counseling psychology graduate students. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(3), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Benedetto, M., & Swadling, M. (2014). Burnout in Australian psychologists: Correlations with work-setting, mindfulness and self-care behaviours. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 19(6), 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2013.861602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dombo, E. A., & Gray, C. (2013). Engaging spirituality in addressing vicarious trauma in clinical social workers: A self-care model. Social Work and Christianity, 40(1), 89–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorociak, K. E., Rupert, P. A., Bryant, F. B., & Zahniser, E. (2017a). Development of the professional self-care scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(3), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorociak, K. E., Rupert, P. A., & Zahniser, E. (2017b). Work life, well-being, and self-care across the professional lifespan of psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(6), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreison, K. C., Luther, L., Bonfils, K. A., Sliter, M. T., McGrew, J. H., Salyers, M. P., . . . Salyers, M. P. (2018). Job burnout in mental health providers: A meta-analysis of 35 years of intervention research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000047.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyrbye, L. N., Satele, D. D., & Shanafelt, T. (2017). Healthy exercise habits are associated with lower risk of burnout and higher quality of life among U.S. medical students. Academic Medicine, 92(7), 1006–1011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eakman, A. M. (2016). A subjectively-based definition of life balance using personal meaning in occupation. Journal of Occupational Science, 23(1), 108–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2014.955603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Ghoroury, N., Galper, D. I., Sawaqdeh, A., & Bufka, L. F. (2012). Stress, coping, and barriers to wellness among psychology graduate students. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 6(2), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle-Friedman, M., Riela, S., Golan, R., Ventuneac, A. M., Davis, C. M., Jefferson, A. D., & Major, D. (2003). The effect of sleep loss on next day effort. Journal of Sleep Research, 12, 113–124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Figley, C. R. (1988). Victimization, trauma and traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 16(4), 635–641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figley, C. R. (Ed.). (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), 1433–1441.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finlay-Jones, A., Rees, C. S., & Kane, R. T. (2015). Self-compassion, emotion regulation and stress among Australian psychologists: Testing an emotion regulation model of self-compassion using structural equation modeling. PLoS One, 10(7), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science & Medicine, 45, 1207–1221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1937/1963). Analysis terminable and interminable. In P. Rieff (Ed.), Sigmund Freud: Therapy and technique (pp. 233–271). New York: Collier.

  • Gentry, J. E. (2002). Compassion fatigue: A crucible of transformation. Journal of Trauma Practice, 1(3/4), 37–61. https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v01n03_03.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, M., Lindwall, M., Lindegård, A., Börjesson, M., & Jonsdottir, I. H. (2013). Cardiorespiratory fitness protects against stress-related symptoms of burnout and depression. Patient Education and Counselling, 93, 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.03.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, M., Brand, S., Herrmann, C., Colledge, F., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2014). Increased objectively assessed vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with reduced stress, increased mental health, and good objective and subjective sleep in young adults. Physiology and Behaviour, 135, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goncher, I. D., Sherman, M. F., Barnett, J. E., & Haskins, D. (2013). Programmatic perceptions of self-care emphasis and quality of life among graduate trainees in clinical psychology: The mediational role of self-care utilization. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grafanaki, S., Pearson, D., Cini, F., Godula, D., McKenzie, B., Nason, S., & Anderegg, M. (2005). Sources of renewal: A qualitative study on the experience and role of leisure in the life of counselors and psychologists. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 18, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070500099660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guy, J. D. (2000). Self-care corner: Holding the holding environment together: Self-psychology and psychotherapist care. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(3), 351–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. L., & Westwood, M. J. (2009). Preventing vicarious traumatization of mental health therapists: Identifying protective practices. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(2), 203–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemanth, P., & Fisher, P. (2015). Clinical psychology trainees’ experiences of mindfulness: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1143–1152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, K., Wittkowski, A., Hodgkinson, E., Bell, R., & Hare, D. J. (2016). Using the repertory grid technique to examine trainee clinical psychologists' construal of their personal and professional development. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(5), 425–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, L., & Skovholt, T. M. (1999). The cognitive, emotional, and relational characteristics of master therapists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(1), 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J., Hall, L. H., Berzins, K., Baker, J., Melling, K., & Thompson, C. (2018). Mental healthcare staff well-being and burnout: A narrative review of trends, causes, implications, and recommendations for future interventions. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27, 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaeding, A., Sougleris, C., Reid, C., Vreeswijk, M. F., Hayes, C., Dorrian, J., & Simpson, S. (2017). Professional burnout, early maladaptive schemas, and physical health in clinical and counselling psychology trainees. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(12), 1782–1796. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan, T. B. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, A. (2014). The influence of therapist mindfulness practice on psychotherapeutic work: A mixed-methods study. Mindfulness, 5(6), 689–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0223-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killian, K. D. (2008). Helping till it hurts? A multimethod study of compassion fatigue, burnout, and self-care in clinicians working with trauma survivors. Traumatology: An International Journal, 14(2), 32–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., Ji, J., & Kao, D. (2011). Burnout and physical health among social workers: A three-year longitudinal study. Social Work, 56(3), 258–268.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kissil, K., & Niño, A. (2017). Does the person-of-the-therapist training (POTT) promote self-care? Personal gains of MFT trainees following POTT: A retrospective thematic analysis. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(3), 526–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S., Gottlieb, M. C., & Handelsman, M. M. (2017). Enhancing professionalism through self-reflection. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(3), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuyken, W., Peters, E., Power, M. J., & Lavender, T. (2003). Trainee clinical psychologists’ adaption and professional functioning: A longitudinal study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, G. (2007). Counselor wellness and impairment: A national survey. Journal of Humanistic Counseling Education and Development, 46, 20–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. M., Reissing, E. D., & Dobson, D. (2009). Work-life balance for early career Canadian psychologists in professional programs. Canadian Psychology, 50(2), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leppma, M., & Young, M. E. (2016). Loving-kindness meditation and empathy: A wellness group intervention for counseling students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94, 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, K. H., Shanafelt, T. D., Keran, C. M., Busis, N. A., Foster, L. V., Molano, J. B., . . . Cascino, T. (2017). Burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being among US neurology residents and fellows in 2016. Neurology, 89(5), 492–501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mairs, L., & Mullan, B. (2015). Self-monitoring vs. implementation intentions: A comparison of behaviour change techniques to improve sleep hygiene and sleep outcomes in students. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(5), 635–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-015-9467-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, H. D. (2016). Logotherapeutic self-care. The International Forum for Logotherapy, 39, 97–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matheson, J. L., & Rosen, K. H. (2012). Marriage and family therapy faculty members' balance of work and personal life. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(2), 394–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00137.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayorga, M. G., Devries, S. R., & Wardle, E. A. (2015). The practice of self-care among counseling students. Journal of Educational and Psychology, 8(3), 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 131–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinzie, C., Altamura, V., Burgoon, E., & Bishop, C. (2006). Exploring the effect of stress on mood, self-esteem, and daily habits with psychology graduate students. Psychological Reports, 99(2), 439–448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merriman, J. (2015). Enhancing counselor supervision through compassion fatigue education. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93(3), 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B., & Sprang, G. (2017). A components-based practice and supervision model for reducing compassion fatigue by affecting clinician experience. Traumatology, 23(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(9), 993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S. E., Perry, A. R., Bledsoe, L. K., & Robinson, M. A. (2011). Social work students and self-care: A model assignment for teaching. Journal of Social Work Education, 47(3), 545–553. https://doi.org/10.2307/23044470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munsey, C. (2006). Questions of balance: An APA survey finds a lack of attention to self-care among training programs. Retrieved from American Psychological Association website: http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2006/11/cover-balance.aspx.

  • Myers, S. B., Sweeney, A. C., Popick, V., Wesley, K., Bordfeld, A., & Fingerhut, R. (2012). Self-care practices and perceived stress levels among psychology graduate students. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 6(1), 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negash, S., & Sahin, S. (2011). Compassion fatigue in marriage and family therapy: Implications for therapists and clients. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00147.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, N. G., Dell'Oliver, C., Koch, C., & Buckler, R. (2001). Stress, coping, and success among graduate students in clinical psychology. Psychological Reports, 88(3), 759–767.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, L., Steane, R., Chacko, E., & Scollay, N. (2017). Things I wish I’d known: Desiderata for early career psychiatrists. Australian Psychiatry, 25(1), 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856216671659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C., & Guy, J. D. J. (2007). Leaving it at the office: A guide to psychotherapist self-care [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

  • Norcross, J., Karpiak, C., & Santoro, S. (2005). Clinical psychologists across the years: The division of clinical psychology from 1960 to 2003. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(12), 1467–1483.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nurit, W., & Michal, A. (2003). Rest: A qualitative exploration of the phenomenon. Occupational Therapy International, 10(4), 227–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pack, M. (2015). Unsticking the stuckness’: A qualitative study of the clinical supervisory needs of early-career health social workers. British Journal of Social Work, 45(6), 1821–1836. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcu069.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pakenham, K. I. (2017). Training in acceptance commitment therapy foster self-care in clinical psychology trainees. Clinical Psychologist, 21, 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pakenham, K., & Stafford-Brown, J. (2012). The effectiveness of an ACT informed intervention for managing stress and improving therapist qualities in clinical psychology trainees. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 592–513.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I. (1999). The psychology of religion and spirituality?: Yes and no. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a001830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patsiopoulos, A. T., & Buchanan, M. J. (2011). The practice of self-compassion in counseling: A narrative inquiry. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(4), 301–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peluso, D. L., Carleton, R. N., Richter, A. A., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2011). The graduate advising relationship in Canadian psychology programmes: Advisee perspectives. Canadian Psychology, 52(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, K. N., Donovan, M., Knight, R., & Shires, A. (2017). Addressing professional competency problems in clinical psychology trainees. Australian Psychologist, 52, 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pletzer, J. L., Sanchez, X., & Scheibe, S. (2015). Practicing psychotherapists are more skilled at downregulating negative emotions than other professionals. Psychotherapy, 52(3), 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039078.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pooler, D. K., Wolfer, T., & Freeman, M. (2014). Finding joy in social work II: Intrapersonal sources. Social Work, 59(3), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swu020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, C. M. E., Rice, K. G., & Devine, D. P. (2014). Perfectionism, emotion regulation, and the cortisol stress response. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(1), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roach, L. F., & Young, M. E. (2007). Do counselor education programs promote wellness in their students? Counselor Education and Supervision, 47(1), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2007.tb00036.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, T., Roberts, R., & Sarris, A. (2018). The role of student burnout in predicting future burnout: Exploring the transition from university to the workplace. Higher Education Research and Development, 37(1), 115–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rønnestad, M. H., & Skovholt, T. M. (2001). Learning arenas for professional development: Retrospective accounts of senior psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32, 181–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudaz, M., Twohig, M. P., Ong, C. W., & Levin, M. E. (2017). Mindfulness and acceptance-based trainings for fostering self-care and reducing stress in mental health professionals: A systematic review. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(4), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.10.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rummell, C. M. (2015). An exploratory study of psychology graduate student workload, health, and program satisfaction. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 46(6), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000056.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rupert, P. A., & Kent, J. S. (2007). Gender and work setting differences in career-sustaining behaviors and burnout among professional psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(1), 88–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rupert, P. A., Miller, A. O., Tuminello Hartman, E. R., & Bryant, F. B. (2012). Predictors of career satisfaction among practicing psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 495–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saakvitne, K. W. (2002). Shared trauma: The therapist’s increased vulnerability. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 12(3), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481881209348678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sansó, N., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Pascual, A., Sinclair, S., & Benito, E. (2015). Palliative care professionals' inner life: Exploring the relationships among awareness, self-care, and compassion satisfaction and fatigue, burnout, and coping with death. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 50(2), 200–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santana, M. C., & Fouad, N. A. (2017). Development and validation of a self-care behavior inventory. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 11(3), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sapienza, B. G., & Bugental, J. F. T. (2000). Keeping our instruments finely tuned: An existential-humanistic perspective. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31, 458–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, J. N., Meredith, P., & Poulsen, A. A. (2013). Enhancing retention of occupational therapists working in mental health: Relationships between wellbeing at work and turnover intention. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(6), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12074.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlarb, A. A., Reis, D., & Schröder, A. (2012). Sleep characteristics, sleep problems, and associations to quality of life among psychotherapists. Sleep Disorders, 2012, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/806913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schomaker, S. A., & Ricard, R. J. (2015). Effect of a mindfulness-based intervention on counselor-client attunement. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93, 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1(2), 105–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, E. (2008). Ongoing self-reflection. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2008/008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy, J. M., & Wu, J. (2009). The pleasant life, the engaged life, and the meaningful life: What about the balanced life? Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-007-9074-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skovholt, T., & Trotter-Mathison, M. (2011). The resilient practitioner: Burnout prevention and self-care strategies for counselors, therapists, teachers, and health professionals (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skovholt, T. M., Grier, T. L., & Hanson, M. R. (2001). Career counselling for longevity: Self-care and burnout prevention strategies for counsellor resilience. Journal of Career Development, 27(3), 167–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. L., & Moss, S. B. (2009). Psychologist impairment: What is it, how can it be prevented, and what can be done to address it. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. P., Ng, S. W., & Popkin, B. M. (2014). No time for the gym? Housework and other non-labour market time use patterns are associated with meeting physical activity recommendations adults in full-time, sedentary jobs. Social Science & Medicine, 120, 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Söderström, M., Jeding, K., Ekstedt, M., Perski, A., & Åkerstedt, T. (2012). Insufficient sleep predicts clinical burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprang, G., Clark, J. J., & Whitt-Woosley, A. (2007). Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional’s quality of life. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12, 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020701238093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stebnicki, M. A. (1999). Grief reactions among rehabilitation professionals: Dealing effectively with empathy fatigue. In Paper presented at the NRCA=ARCA Alliance annual training conference. Dallas: TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebnicki, M. A. (2007). Empathy fatigue: Healing the mind, body, and spirit of professional counselors. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 10, 317–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487760701680570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevanovic, P., & Rupert, P. A. (2004). Career-sustaining behaviors, satisfactions, and stresses of professional psychologists. Psychotherapy, 41(3), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.41.3.301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suyi, Y., Meredith, P., & Khan, A. (2017). Effectiveness of mindfulness intervention in reducing stress and burnout for mental health professionals in Singapore. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 13(5), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2017.06.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thériault, A., Gazzola, N., Isenor, J., & Pascal, L. (2015). Imparting self-care practices to therapists: What the experts recommend. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 49(4), 379–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tompkins, K. A., Brecht, K., Tucker, B., Neander, L. L., & Swift, J. K. (2016). Who matters most? The contribution of faculty, student-peers, and outside support in predicting graduate student satisfaction. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 10(2), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dam, A., Keijsers, G., Eling, P., & Becker, E. (2011). Testing whether reduced cognitive performance in burnout can be reversed by a motivational intervention. Work & Stress, 25(3), 257–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlăduţ, C. I., & Kállay, É. (2010). Work stress, personal life, and burnout: Causes, consequences, possible remedies—a theoretical review. Cognition, Brain, Behaviour: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 261–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waltman, S. H., Frankel, S. A., & Williston, M. A. (2016). Improving clinician self-awareness and increasing accurate representation of clinical competencies. Practice Innovations, 1(3), 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, J., Morgan, M. M., Morris, L. B., & Morris, T. M. (2010). Breathing words slowly: Creative writing and counselor self-care—The writing workout. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 5, 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2010.485074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E. N., Hurley, K., O’Brien, K., & DeGregorio, A. (2003). Development and validation of the self-awareness and management strategies (SAMS) scales for therapists. Psychotherapy, 40(4), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.40.4.278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, I. A., Richardson, T. A., Moore, D. D., Gambrel, L. E., & Keeling, M. L. (2010). Perspectives on self-care. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 5, 321–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2010.507700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, E. H., Hersh, M. A., & Gibson, C. M. (2012). Ethics, self-care and well-being for psychologists: Reenvisioning the stress-distress continuum. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wityk, T. L. (2003). Burnout and the ethics of self-care for therapists. Alberta Counsellor, 28(1), 4–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, M. R., & Rosenstock, J. B. (2017). Inadequate sleep and exercise associated with burnout and depression among medical students. Academic Psychiatry, 41, 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-016-0526-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahniser, E., Rupert, P. A., & Dorociak, K. E. (2017). Self-care in clinical psychology graduate training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 11(4), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Terry Lynn Gall.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Posluns, K., Gall, T.L. Dear Mental Health Practitioners, Take Care of Yourselves: a Literature Review on Self-Care. Int J Adv Counselling 42, 1–20 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09382-w

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09382-w

Keywords