Abstract
Given the importance of different weed management systems (MS) for weed communities and soil seed bank, our aim was to study the impacts of organic (Org) and conventional (Conv) MS in tomato and sugar beet on the abundance of weeds and weed seed bank. The results have shown that in both crops the aboveground weed flora is dominated by 2–3 species in the Conv MS, while it is more diverse in the Org MS. In both crops the soil seed bank is less diverse when compared with the aboveground weed flora. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the weed flora and soil seed bank has shown a high number of different weed seeds in the soil for tomato, unlike sugar beet, where a higher number of weeds was determined in the aboveground weed flora. In tomato, the soil seed bank is more diverse in Org MS (4.1 ± 1.5) than in Conv MS (3.8 ± 1.3), which was also true for the aboveground plant biodiversity (4.6 ± 1.1 vs. 3.6 ± 1.5 species, respectively). Also, although the differences in aboveground weed density and abundance in tomato were not statistically significant, seed bank reserves in the Org MS were significantly more abundant (40.4 ± 16.7 weed seeds vs. 4.5 ± 3.6 in Conv MS). This study has also shown that in sugar beet there were practically no differences between Org and Conv MS, even though the abundance of its aboveground weed flora was higher in Org MS (70.2 ± 29.4 vs. 38.1 ± 21.2 plants/m2 in Conv MS). In conclusion, it can be said that although both MS had similar effects on weed management in tomato, for sugar beet Org MS has proven to be less effective in weed control.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albrecht H (2005) Development of arable weed seedbanks during the 6 years after the change from conventional to organic farming. Weed Res 45:339–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00472.x
Bàrberi P (2002) Weed management in organic agriculture: are we addressing the right issues? Weed Res 42:177–193. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00277.x
Barberi P, Lo Cascio B (2001) Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on weed seedbank size and composition. Weed Res 41(4):325–340. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2001.00241.x
Baskin CC, Baskin JM (2001) Seeds: Ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy and germination. Academic Press, San Diego
Bekker RM, Bakker JP, Grandin U, Kalamees R, Milberg P, Poschlod P, Thompson K, Willems JH (1998) Seed size, shape and vertical distribution in the soil: indicators of seed longevity. Funct Ecol 12:834–842. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00252.x
Benech-Arnold RL, Sánchez RA, Forcella F, Kruk BC, Ghersa CM (2000) Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crop Res 67:105–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00087-3
Benvenuti S, Pardossi A (2017) Weed seedbank dynamics in Mediterranean organic horticulture. Sci Hortic 221:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.04.011
Benvenuti S, Falorni C, Simonelli G, Macchia M (2001) Weed seed bank evaluation and relative emergence dynamics in three perennial medicinal crops of organic farming systems. Ital J Agron 5:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.04.011
Boguzas V, Marcinkeviciene A, Kairyte A (2004) Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of weed seed bank in organicfarming. Agron Res 2:13–22
Booth BD, Swanton CJ (2002) Assembly theory applied to weed communities. Weed Sci 50:2–13. https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050%5B0002:AIATAT%5D2.0.CO;2
Bowles TM, Jackson LE, Loeher M, Cavagnaro TR (2017) Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta-analysis of tillage and cover crop effects. J Appl Ecol 54(6):1785–1793. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12815
Brainard DC, Bellinder RR, Hahn RR, Shah DA (2008) Crop rotation, cover crop and weed management effects on weed seedbanks and yields in snap bean, sweet corn and cabbage. Weed Sci 56:434–441. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-07-107.1
Brändle M, Stadler J, Klotz S, Brandl R (2003) Distributional range size of weedy plant species is correlated to germination patterns. Ecology 84:136–144. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084%5B0136:DRSOWP%5D2.0.CO;2
Brenchley WE (1918) Buried weed seeds. J Agric Sci 9:1–31
Bridges DC (1992) Crop losses due to weed in the United States. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign
Buhler DD (1999) Weed population responses to weed control practices. I. Seed bank, weed populations, and crop yields. Weed Sci 47:416–422. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500092018
Buhler DD (2002) Challenges and opportunities for integrated weed management. Weed Sci 50:273–280. https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050%5B0273:AIAAOF%5D2.0.CO;2
Cardina J, Regnier E, Harrison K (1991) Long-term effects on seed banks in three Ohio soils. Weed Sci 39:186–194. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500071459
Carretta L, Tarolli P, Cardinali A, Nasta P, Romano N, Masin R (2021) Evaluation of runoff and soil erosion under conventional tillage and no-till management: A case study in northeast Italy. Catena 197:104972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104972
Cavigelli MA, Teasdale JR, Conklin AE (2008) Long-term agronomic performance of organic and conventional field crops in the mid-Atlantic region. Agron J 100:785–794. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0373
Chauhan BS, Abugho SB (2013) Effect of water stress on the growth and development of amaranthus spinosus, leptochloa chinensis and rice. Am J Plant Sci 4:989–998. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.45122
Chauhan BS, Johnson DE (2010) Implications of narrow crop row spacing and delayed Echinochloa colona and Echinochloa crus-galli emergence for weed growth and crop yield loss in aerobic rice. Field Crop Res 117:177–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.02.014
Chauhan BS, Mahajan G, Sardana V, Timsina J, Jat ML (2012) Productivity and sustainability of the rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-gangetic plains of the Indian subcontinent: problems, opportunities, and strategies. Adv Agron 117:315–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394278-4.00006-4
Chauhan SB, Gill G, Preston C (2006) Seedling recruitment pattern and depth of recruitment of 10 weed species in minimum tillage and no-till seeding systems. Weed Sci 54:658–668. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-05-135R.1
Colbach N, Dürr C, Roger-Estrade J, Caneill J (2005) How to model the effects of farming practices on weed emergence. Weed Res 45:2–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00428.x
Davis AS, Renner KA, Gross KL (2005) Weed seed bank and community shifts in a long-term cropping systems experiment. Weed Sci 53:296–306. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-182
Dobrokhotov VN (1961) Seeds of weed plants. Agricultural Literature, Moscow
Donald DB, Gurprasad NP, Quinnett-Abbott L, Cash K (2001) Diffuse geographic distribution of herbicides in northern Prairie wetlands. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:273–279. https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020%3C0273:dgdohi%3E2.0.co;2
Dorado J, del Monte JP, Lopez-Fando C (1999) Weed seed bank response to crop rotation and tillage in semiarid agro-ecosystems. Weed Sci 47:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500090676
Edesi L, Jaervan M, Adamson A, Lauringson E, Kuht J (2012) Weed species diversity and community composition in conventional and organic farming: a five-year experiment. Žemdirbystė 99(4):339–346
Elizabeth A (2006) Seed bank of pinyon-juniper wood lands: The effects of tree cover and prescribed burn. University of Nevada, Reno
Fenner M (1985) Seed ecology. Chapman and Hall, London
Fennimore SA, Smith RF, Tourte L, LeStrange M, Rachuy JS (2014) Evaluation and economics of a rotating cultivator in bok choy, celery, lettuce and radicchio. Weed Technol 28(1):176–188. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00051.1
Forcella F, Wilson RG, Renner KA, Dekker J, Harvey RG, Alm DA, Buhler DD, Cardina J (1992) Weed seed banks of the U.S. Corn Belt: magnitude, variation, emergence, and application. Weed Sci 40:636–644
Forte CT, Galon L, Beutler AN, Basso FJM, Nonemacher F, Júnior R, Wilson F, Perin GF, Tironi SP (2018) Soil management systems and their effect on the weed seed bank. Pesq Agropec Bras 53(4):435–442. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2018000400005
Froud-Williams RJ, Chancellor RJ, Drennan DSH (1981) Potential changes in weed floras associated with reduced cultivation systems for cereal production in temperate regions. Weed Res 21:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1981.tb00102.x
Funes G, Basconcelo S, Díaz S, Cabido M (1999) Seed size and shape are good predictors of seed persistence in soil in temperate mountain grasslands of Argentina. Seed Sci Res 9:341–345. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258599000355
Gallandt ER (2006) How can we target the weed seedbank? Weed Sci 54:588–596. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-05-063R.1
Ghersa CM, Ghersa-Martinez MA (2000) Ecological correlates of weed seed size and persistence in the soil under different tilling systems: implications for weed management. Field Crop Res 67:141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00089-7
Gibson KD, Fischer AJ, Foin TC (2001) Shading and the growth and photosynthetic responses of Ammannia coccinnea. Weed Res 41:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2001.00223.x
Graziani F, Onofri A, Pannacci E, Tei F, Guiducci M (2012) Size and composition of weed seedbank in long-term organic and conventional low-input cropping systems. Eur J Agron 39:52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.01.008
Grundy AC, Jones NE (2002) What is the weed seed bank? In: Naylor REL (ed) Weed management handbook. Blackwell Science, BCPC, Oxford, pp 39–62
Gselman A, Kramberger B (2004) Longevity and vertical distribution of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F. Weber.) seeds in meadow soil. In: Land use systems in grassland dominated regions: Proceedings of the 20th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Luzern, Switzerland, 21–24 June 2004, vol 20, pp 252–254
Heap I (2019) The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds. https://www.weedscience.org. Accessed 3 Dec 2019
Heap IM (2002) The world’s worst herbicide-resistant weeds. Proc Weed Sci Soc Am 42:227
Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427–432. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934352
Hopfensperger KN (2007) A review of similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation across ecosystems. Oikos 116:1438–1448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15818.x
Hossain MM, Begum M (2015) Soil weed seed bank: Importance and management for sustainable crop production—A review. J Bangladesh Agric Univ 13(2):221–228
Hosseini P, Karimi H, Babaei S, Mashhadi HR, Oveisi M (2014) Weed seed bank as affected by crop rotation and disturbance. Crop Prot 64:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.05.022
Hussain M, Ali S, Tahir MN, Shah GA, Ahmad I, Sarwar MA, Latif S (2017) A comparative study of soil weed seed bank determination in Pothwar region by using different methodologies. Pak J Agric Res 30(4):310–315. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2017/30.4.310.315
Janicka M (2006) Species composition of the soil seed bank in comparison with the floristic composition of meadow sward. In: Lloveras J, González-Rodríguez A, Vázquez-Yáñez O, Piñeiro J, Santamaría O, Olea L, Poblaciones MJ (eds) Sustainable grassland productivity, vol 11, pp 200–202
Jerkins D, Ory J (2016) National organic research agenda. Organic Farming Research Foundation, Santa Cruz
Jones RE, Medd RW (2000) Economic thresholds and the case for longer term approaches to population management of weeds. Weed Technol 14:337–350. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014%5B0337:ETATCF%5D2.0.CO;2
Khaliq A, Shakeel M, Matloob A, Hussain S, Tanveer A, Murtaza G (2013) Influence of tillage and weed control practices on growth and yield of wheat. Philipp J Crop Sci 38:54–62
Khaliq A, Hussain S, Matloob A, Tanveer A, Aslam F (2014) Swine cress (Cronopus didymus L. Sm.) residues inhibit rice emergence and early seedling growth. Philipp Agric Sci 96:419–425
Kleyer M (1999) Distribution of plant functional types along gradients of disturbance intensity and resource supply in an agricultural landscape. J Veg Sci 10:697–708. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237084
Kropff MJ, Bastiaans L, Cousens RD (1999) Approaches used in the prediction of weed population dynamics. In: Weeds—Proceedings of an international conference held at the Brighton Metropole Hotel, Brighton, UK, 15–18 November 1999, pp 399–408
Leck MA, Parker PK, Simpson LR (1989) The ecology of soil seed banks. Academic Press, San Diego
Légère A, Stevenson FC, Benoit DL, Samson N (2005) Seedbank-plant relationships for 19 weed taxa in spring barley-red clover cropping systems. Weed Sci 53:640–650. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-146R.1
Legere Α, Stevenson FC, Ziadi N (2008) Contrasting responses of weed communities and crops to 12 years of tillage and fertilization treatments. Weed Technol 22:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-07-124.1
Lu ZJ, Li LF, Jiang MX, Huang HD, Bao DC (2010) Can the soil seed bank contribute to revegetation of the drawdown zoon in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region? Plant Ecol 209(1):153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9732-y
Menalled FD, Gross KL, Hammond M (2001) Weed aboveground and seedbank community responses to agricultural management systems. Ecol Appl 11:1586–1601. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011%5B1586:WAASCR%5D2.0.CO;2
Mohler CL, Caldwell BA, Marschner CA, Cordeau S, Maqsood Q, Ryan MR, DiTommaso A (2018) Weed seedbank and weed biomass dynamics in a long-term organic vegetable cropping systems experiment. Weed Sci 66(5):611–626. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.52
Moonen AC, Barberi P (2004) Size and composition of the weed seedbank after 7 years of different cover-crop-maize management systems. Weed Res 44:163–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00388.x
Paul BK, Vanlauwe B, Ayuke F, Gassner A, Hoogmoed M, Hurisso TT, Koala S, Lelei D, Ndabamenye T, Pulleman MM (2013) Medium-term impact of tillage and residue management on soil aggregate stability, soil carbon and crop productivity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 164:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003
Poudel DD, Horwath WR, Lanini WT, Temple SR, Van Bruggen AHC (2002) Comparison of soil N availability and leaching potential, crop yields and weeds in organic, low-input and conventional farming systems in northern California. Agric Ecosyst Environ 90:125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00196-7
Rasmussen IA (2004) The effect of sowing date, stale seedbed, row width and mechanical weed control on weeds and yields of organic winter wheat. Weed Res 44:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00367.x
Rasmussen J, Ascard J (1995) Weed control in organic farming systems. In: Glen DM, Greaves MP, Anderson HM (eds) Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems. Wiley, Chichester, pp 49–67
Ryan MR, Smith RG, Mortensen DA, Teasdale JR, Curran WS, Seidel R, Shumway DL (2009) Weed-crop competition relationships differ between organic and conventional cropping systems. Weed Res 49:572–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00736.x
Schweizer EE, Lauridson TC (1985) Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) interference in sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris). Weed Sci 33:518–520. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004317450008276X
Sjursen H (2001) Change of the weed seed bank during the first complete six-course crop rotation after conversion from conventional to organic farming. Biol Agric Hortic 19:71–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2001.9754910
Smith RG, Gross KL (2007) Assembly of weed communities along a crop diversity gradient. J Appl Ecol 44:1046–1056. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01335.x
Smith RG, Mortensen DA, Ryan MR (2010) A new hypothesis for the functional role of diversity in mediating resource pools and weed-crop competition in agroecosystems. Weed Res 50:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00745.x
Smutný V, Kŕen J (2002) Improvement of an evaluation method for estimation of weed seed bank in the soil. Rost Vyroba 48(6):271–278
Soil Association (2000) The biodiversity benefits of organic farming. Soil Association, Bristol
Sosnoskie LM, Herms CP, Cardina J (2006) Weed seedbank community composition in 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment. Weed Sci 54:263–273. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-05-001R2.1
Sosnoskie LM, Herms CP, Cardina J, Webster TM (2009) Seedbank and emerged weed communities following adoption of Glyphosate-resistant crops in a long-term tillage and rotation study. Weed Sci 57:261–270. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-08-147.1
Stebbing JA, Wilson RG, Martin AR, Smith JA (2000) Row spacing, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retoflexus) density, and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) cultivar effects on sugarbeet development. J Sugar Beet Res 37:11–31. https://doi.org/10.5274/jsbr.37.2.11
Stephens RJ (1982) One year’s seeds, seven years’ weeds. In: Theory and practice of weed control. Palgrave, London, pp 33–46
Stolton S, Geier B, Mcneely JA (2000) Introduction: the relationship between nature conservation, biodiversity and organic agriculture. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop: Relationship Between Nature Conservation, Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture. IFOAM, Vignola, Italy, pp 5–12
Streit B, Rieger SB, Stamp P, Richner W (2003) Weed populations in winter wheat as affected by crop sequence, intensity of tillage and time of herbicide application in a cool and humid climate. Weed Res 43:20–32. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00310.x
Strek HJ (2014) Herbicide resistance-What have we learned from other disciplines? J Chem Biol 7:129–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12154-014-0119-8
Swanton CJ, Booth BD (2004) Management of weed seedbanks in the context of populations and communities. Weed Technol 18:1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018%5B1496:MOWSIT%5D2.0.CO;2
Swinton SM, Buhler DD, Forcella F, Gunsolus JL, King RP (1994) Estimation of crop yield loss due to interference by multiple weed species. Weed Sci 42:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500084241
Teasdale JR, Mangum RW, Radhakrishnan J, Cavigelli MA (2004) Weed seed bank dynamics in three organic farming crop rotations. Agron J 96:1429–1435. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1429
Wang Y, Zhang JH, Zhang ZH (2015) Influences of intensive tillage on water-stable aggregate distribution on a steep hillslope. Soil Tillage Res 151:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.03.003
Weaver SE (1984) Critical period of weed competition in three vegetable crops in relation to management practices. Weed Res 24:317–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1984.tb00593.x
Wellstein C, Otte A, Waldhardt R (2007) Seed bank diversity in mesic grassland in relation to vegetation type, management and site conditions. J Veg Sci 18:153–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02527.x
Yu SL, Chen HW, Lang NJ (2007) The classification systems of soil seed bank and seed persistence in soil. Acta Ecol Sinica 27(5):2099–2108
Zhang J, Quine TA, Ni S, Ge F (2006) Stocks and dynamics of SOC in relation to soil redistribution by water and tillage erosion. Glob Change Biol 12(10):1834–1841. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01206.x
Acknowledgements
We are also grateful for the constructive comments and suggestions provided by our Editor and anonymous Reviewers.
Funding
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovations of the Republic of Serbia (Grants No. 451-03-47/2023-01/200010 and 451-03-47/2023-01/200116).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
D. Šikuljak Pavlović, I. Marotti, S. Bosi, A.A. Anđelković, D. Božić, S. Vrbnicanin, A. Tanveer and G. Dinelli declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical standards
For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies mentioned were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature oder sein Lizenzgeber (z.B. eine Gesellschaft oder ein*e andere*r Vertragspartner*in) hält die ausschließlichen Nutzungsrechte an diesem Artikel kraft eines Verlagsvertrags mit dem/den Autor*in(nen) oder anderen Rechteinhaber*in(nen); die Selbstarchivierung der akzeptierten Manuskriptversion dieses Artikels durch Autor*in(nen) unterliegt ausschließlich den Bedingungen dieses Verlagsvertrags und dem geltenden Recht.
About this article
Cite this article
Šikuljak Pavlović, D., Marotti, I., Bosi, S. et al. Effects of Crop Management Systems On Weed Abundance and Soil Seed Bank. Gesunde Pflanzen 75, 2355–2367 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-023-00903-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-023-00903-7