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Survival, reproduction, and immigration explain the dynamics of a local Red-backed Shrike population in the Netherlands

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Abstract

Populations of many bird species strongly declined in Western Europe in the late twentieth century. One such species is the Red-backed Shrike in the Netherlands. In one of the last strongholds of this species, the Bargerveen Reserve, the breeding population flourished in the 1990s due to rewetting management. However, further development of the area has led to a decline in breeding numbers such that the population is now less than half the size it was in the 1990s. Here, we analyze the vital rates of the Red-backed Shrike population in the Bargerveen. In 2001–2008, nestlings in this population were individually marked, and resighting data was collected during the breeding seasons of 2002–2009. We used estimates of vital rates based on monitoring in 2001 until 2009 to diagnose the population dynamics. Mark–recapture data were analyzed with the program MARK. The most parsimonious model gave age- and gender-specific survival probabilities of 0.12 for first-year females, 0.64 for older females, 0.20 for first-year males, and 0.54 for older males (with overlapping confidence intervals for the gender-specific adult survival values). The estimated yearly resighting probabilities were gender specific, with a higher probability observed for males (0.81) than for females (0.53). For 2001–2009, we computed an average number of offspring per breeding pair of 2.91 (with 72 % of the pairs breeding successfully). Using these vital rates, we parameterized a simple matrix model. The resulting yearly growth was 0.80. Adult survival had an elasticity of 0.83, while juvenile survival and reproduction both had an elasticity of 0.20. Because the population numbers have stabilized since 2005, the observed yearly population growth suggests that 20 % of the Red-backed Shrikes breeding in the Bargerveen are immigrants. Comparison with data on other Red-backed Shrike populations indicates that juvenile and adult survival rates can be improved in the Bargerveen Reserve. Appropriate management measures to accomplish this are discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Überleben, Reproduktion und Einwanderung erklären die Dynamik einer lokalen Neuntöter-Population in den Niederlanden Die Populationen vieler Vogelarten in Westeuropa haben sich im späten zwanzigsten Jahrhundert stark verkleinert, was auch für den Neuntöter in den Niederlanden gilt. In einer der letzten Hochburgen dieser Art, dem Bargerveen Schutzgebiet, florierte die Brutpopulation in den 1990ern infolge von Wiedervernässungsmaßnahmen. Eine weitere Entwicklung dieses Gebiets allerdings führte zu einer Abnahme der Brutzahlen, und inzwischen sind es weniger als die Hälfte. Mit dieser Studie untersuchten wir die Vitalitätsdaten in der Neuntöter-Population in Bargerveen. Zwischen 2001 und 2008 wurden Nestlinge in dieser Population individuell markiert, und Sichtungsdaten wurden während jeder Brutsaison von 2002 bis 2009 gesammelt. Zur Untersuchung der Populationsdynamik verwendeten wir Schätzungen der Populationsdaten aus dem Monitoring zwischen 2001 und 2009. Mark-Recapture (Markierung–Wiederfund) Daten wurden mit dem Programm MARK analysiert. Das beste Modell ergab alters- und geschlechtsabhängige Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten, die 0.12 betrugen für erstjährige Weibchen, 0.64 für ältere Weibchen, 0.20 für erstjährige Männchen und 0.54 für ältere Männchen (mit überlappenden Konfidenzintervallen bei den geschlechtsabhängigen Überlebensraten der adulten Vögel). Die geschätzten jährlichen Wiederfundwahrscheinlichkeiten waren geschlechtsabhängig, mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit für Männchen (0.81) als für Weibchen (0.53). Für 2001–2009 berechneten wir eine durchschnittliche Zahl von Nachkommen pro Brutpaar von 2.91 (wobei 72 % der Paare erfolgreich brüteten). Diese Populationsdaten verwendeten wir zur Parametrisierung eines einfachen Matrix-Modells. Das resultierende jährliche Wachstum beträgt 0.8. Das Überleben der adulten Tiere hat eine Elastizität von 0.83, während sowohl das Überleben der Juvenilen als auch die Reproduktion eine Elastizität von 0.20 haben. Weil sich die Populationszahlen seit 2005 stabilisiert haben, deutet das zu beobachtende Wachstum der Population darauf hin, dass 20 % der Brutpopulation in Bargerveen aus Zuzüglern besteht. Ein Vergleich mit Daten aus anderen Neuntöter-Populationen hat gezeigt, dass das Überleben von juvenilen und adulten Vögeln im Bargerveen Schutzgebiet verbessert werden kann. Angemessene Management-Maßnahmen um das zu erreichen, werden diskutiert.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support was provided by the Prins Bernhard Fund to start this research in the Bargerveen Reserve. We are grateful to the State Forestry Commission, especially Jans de Vries and Piet Ursem, for permitting us to access the nature reserve and to use their accommodation. Hans Esselink is greatly acknowledged because he started the project and he performed a lot of field work on the Red-backed Shrike in the Bargerveen area before he unfortunately passed away on 30 August 2008. Hans van Berkel (who sadly died on 4 February 2013), as well as several students and volunteers, kindly assisted us in the field in the early years of the study period. Gerrit Speek of the Dutch Bird Ringing Station supplied us with licenses to ring Red-backed Shrikes. The Instrument-Making Department of Radboud University in Nijmegen allowed us to use their engraving machine to construct the bird rings. Henk Siepel and Rob Bijlsma are acknowledged for their comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Elizabeth van Ast-Gray is thanked for correcting the English used in this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Lia Hemerik.

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Communicated by C. Barbraud.

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Hemerik, L., Geertsma, M., Waasdorp, S. et al. Survival, reproduction, and immigration explain the dynamics of a local Red-backed Shrike population in the Netherlands. J Ornithol 156, 35–46 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1120-2

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