Abstract
Rapid industrialization is deteriorating air and water quality by exposing life to a wide range of pollutants, thus calling for efficient and affordable remediation strategies. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging materials for environmental remediation applications due to their high surface area, ordered porous structure, and application-specific tailoring of properties. In particular, transition metal-based frameworks are advanced adsorbents and catalysts for the remediation of organic and gaseous pollutants. Physicochemical properties are mainly dependent on the choice of the metal center, the oxidation state, and organic linkers. Bimetallic-, polyoxometalate-, and metal oxide-incorporated frameworks find applications as photocatalysts for decontamination of dyes, phenolic compounds, pesticides and pharmaceutical drugs under ultraviolet (UV)/visible radiations. Large surface area coupled with high activity of transition metal frameworks allows the capture and removal of inorganic and volatile organic pollutants. Transition metal frameworks convert gaseous pollutants into value-added chemicals. Frameworks containing synthetic and natural fibers are currently studied to remove chemical warfare agents.
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Abbreviations
- AgIO3/MIL-53 (Fe):
-
Fe-based MOF composited with AgIO3
- BiOBr/UiO-66:
-
Zr-based MOF combined with BiOBr
- CdBDC:
-
Cadmium 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate
- Co2Cl2(BBTA):
-
Co2Cl2(1H,5H-benzo(1,2-d),(4,5-d′)bistriazole)
- Co2Cl2(btdd)(H2O)2 :
-
Co2Cl2(bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4′,5′-i])dibenzo [1,4]dioxin)(H2O)2
- Co–DMOF–TM:
-
Co2(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)2(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)
- CPL-1:
-
Cu2(2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylate)2(pyrazine)
- CTAB-modified UiO-66:
-
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified UiO-66
- Cu2Cl2(BBTA):
-
Cu2Cl2(1H,5H-benzo(1,2-d),(4,5-d′)bistriazole)
- Cu2O@SiO2 :
-
Silica-coated copper oxide(I) nanocages
- Cu2O@ZIF-8:
-
Cu2O loaded within ZIF-8
- Cu-BDC(ted)0.5 :
-
Cu(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)(triethylenediamine)0.5
- CuBDC:
-
Copper 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate
- CuBTC:
-
Copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate
- CuBTC-P:
-
Non-thermal plasma-treated CuBTC
- D-M-Fe:
-
Fe-based MOF (MIL-53 (Fe)) modified with D-sorbitol
- Fe3O4@MOF-2:
-
Zn-based MOF-supported Fe3O4 nanoparticles
- Fe3O4@SiO2 :
-
Magnetite nanoparticles coated with silica
- Fe3O4@SiO2@Zn–TDPAT:
-
Zn-based MOF with TDPAT loaded with Fe3O4@SiO2
- Fe3O4-COOH@ZIF-8/Ag/Ag3PO4 :
-
Fe3O4 with carboxylate and Ag/Ag3PO4 nanoparticles
- Fe-BTC:
-
Iron benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate
- Fe-M MOFs:
-
Bimetallic Fe-based MOF, M: transition metal
- Fe-Zn BDC BMOF:
-
Iron zinc bimetallic MOF with BDC
- HKUST-1:
-
Cu-based MOF using trimesic acid
- HPU-5:
-
{[Co(5-(3,5-Di-pyridin-4-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-ylmethyl)-isophthalic acid)](CH3CN)0.5(H2O)5}n
- HPU-6:
-
{[Mn2((5-(3,5-Di-pyridin-4-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-ylmethyl)-isophthalic acid))2(H2O)2](CH3OH)2(H2O)3(DMA)2}
- IRMOF-3:
-
Zn4O(2-aminoterephthalate)3
- KAUST-7:
-
Ni(NbOF5)(pyrazine)2·2H2O
- KAUST-8:
-
[Ni(AlF5(OH2))(pyrazine)2·2H2O
- LED:
-
Light-emitting diode
- M.MIL-100(Fe)@ZnO NS:
-
Fe (III)-based MOF modified with ZnO nanospheres
- MFM-520:
-
Zn2(4,4-bipyridyl-3,3′,5,5′-tetracarboxylate)
- MFM-601:
-
Zr6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(OH)4(H2O)4(4,4′,4″,4′′′-(1,4-Phenylenebis(pyridine-4,2,6-triyl))tetrabenzoate)2
- MIL(Fe)/Fe-SPC:
-
Fe-doped nanospongy porous biocarbon (SPC) composited with Fe-based MOF
- MIL-100(Fe):
-
Fe3(H2O)3O[1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate]2·nH2O
- MIL-101(Cr):
-
Cr3F(H2O)2O[benzene dicarboxylate]3·nH2O
- MIL-101(Fe):
-
Fe3O(H2O)2Cl(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)3
- MIL-101-NH2(Cr):
-
Cr3F(H2O)2O[2-aminoterephthalate]3·nH2O
- MIL-125(Ti)@TiO2 :
-
Ti based MOF with encapsulated TiO2
- MIL-125(Ti):
-
Ti8O8(OH)4(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)6
- MIL-47(V):
-
VIV(O)(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)
- MIL-53(Fe):
-
[Fe(OH).(benzene dicarboxylate).H2O]
- Mn2Cl2(btdd)(H2O)2 :
-
Mn2Cl2(bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4′,5′-i])dibenzo[1,4]dioxin)(H2O)2
- MOF 1:
-
3D-[Zn4(μ4-O)(6-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[d,f][1,3]-diazepine-3,9-dicarboxylate)3]
- MOF 3:
-
[Zn2(6-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[d,f][1,3]-diazepine-3,9-dicarboxylate)2(4,4′-bipyridine)]
- MOF 4:
-
[Zn2(6-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[d,f][1,3]-diazepine-3,9-dicarboxylate)2(1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane)]
- MOF:
-
Metal-organic framework
- MOF-177:
-
Zn4O(4,4′,4′′-benzene-1,3,5-triyltribenzoate)2
- MOF-5:
-
Zn4O(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)3
- MOF-74(Zn):
-
Zn2(2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate)
- MOF-808:
-
Zr6O4(OH)4(benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate)2
- NH2-MIL-125(Ti):
-
Ti8O8(OH)4(2-aminoterephthalate)6
- Ni(bdc)(ted)0.5 :
-
Ni(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)(triethylenediamine)0.5
- Ni2Cl2(BBTA):
-
Ni2Cl2(1H,5H-benzo(1,2-d),(4,5-d′)bistriazole)
- Ni2Cl2(btdd)(H2O)2 :
-
Ni2Cl2(bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4′,5′-i])dibenzo [1,4]dioxin)(H2O)2
- Ni–DMOF–TM:
-
Ni2(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)2(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)
- NU-1000:
-
Zr6(μ3-OH)8(OH)8(1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid)pyrene)2
- NU‐1401:
-
Zr6(μ3‐O)4(μ3‐OH)4(HCOO)4(OH)4(H2O)4(C30H10N2O12)
- PCN-222(Zr):
-
Zr6(μ3-O)8(OH)8(tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin)2
- PMo12@UiO-66@H2SMIPs:
-
H3PMo12O40@UiO-66@ H2S molecular imprinted polymers
- PW@HKUST-1H3PW12O40·nH2O:
-
Keggin-type polyoxometalate encapsulated in CuBTC MOF
- TDPAT:
-
2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxy phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine
- TiO2@NH2-MIL-88B(Fe):
-
Iron-based MOF with TiO2 grafted on the surface
- TiO2@NH2-UiO-66:
-
Zr-based MOF with encapsulated TiO2
- UiO-66/g-C3N4/Ag(15):
-
Zr-based MOF modified with graphite carbonitride and silver nanoparticles
- UiO-66:
-
Zr6O4(OH)4(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)6
- UiO-66-NH2 :
-
Zr6O4(OH)4(2-aminobenzenedicarboxylate)6
- UiO-67:
-
Zr6O4(OH)4(biphenyl-4,4’-dicarboxylate)6
- UiO-68-TBTD:
-
Triazolobenzothiadiazole-Zr6O4(OH)4(p,p’-terphenyldicarboxylate)6
- UMCM-313:
-
Zr6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(OH)4(H2O)4(2,5,8,11-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)perylene)2
- WO3/MIL-53(Fe):
-
Fe-based MOF combined with WO3
- XY-M-Fe:
-
Fe-based MOF (MIL-53 (Fe)) modified with xylitol
- ZIF-67:
-
Co(2-methylimidazole)2
- ZIF-8:
-
Zn(2-methylimidazole)2
- Zn(bdc)(ted)0.5 :
-
Zn(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)(triethylenediamine)0.5
- ZnBDC:
-
Zinc 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate
- Zn–DMOF–TM:
-
Zn2(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)2(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)
- Zn–TDPAT:
-
Zn-based MOF with TDPAT
- α-Fe2O3@MIL-101(Cr)@TiO2 :
-
Cr-based MOF modified with α-Fe2O3 and TiO2-modified ZIF-8
- α-Fe2O3@UiO-66:
-
UiO-66 MOF loaded with hematite nanoclusters
- 30UiO-66/CdIn2S4 :
-
Zr-based MOF combined with mixed metal sulfide (CdIn2S4)
- 1-NO3-OH·20H2O:
-
Cu9(OH)6Cl2(1-imidazol-1-yl-3-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)propane)6(bdc)3](NO3)2(OH)2
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Acknowledgement
Authors are very grateful for the funds [Project#20200451-001] provided by the “Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology” (KICT), Republic of Korea. The authors thank LNCAE (Laboratorio Nacional de Conversión y Almacenamiento de Energía) and Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología y Gestión Integrada del Agua (LNAGUA) for technical support. Authors would like to thank Grayson Gould, Reliance Canada for language editing.
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López, Y.C., Viltres, H., Gupta, N.K. et al. Transition metal-based metal–organic frameworks for environmental applications: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 1295–1334 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01119-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01119-1