Abstract
Due to poor local accuracy and temporal resolution, the GIM (global ionospheric map) application continues to be of restricted use in obtaining the characteristics of seismic-ionospheric effects. Utilizing spherical harmonic (SH) function and generalized trigonometric series (GTS), the latest 15 min/map GIM with high precision released from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), is expected to record the short-term response of the fine ionospheric structure. From the interquartile range (IQR) method, we first present the application of CAS GIM in the Mw8.2 Chiapas earthquake in Mexico on September 7, 2017. To verify the reliability, the IGS GIM at low temporal resolution of 2 h/map was simultaneously analyzed and compared. Our results exhibit clear local anomalies that preceded the Chiapas event by 5 days. The detection of IGS GIM merely captured the basic features of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies, i.e., abnormal local effect with a duration of 15 h, maximum amplitude of 20 TECU, and westward migration in the seismogenic area with epicentral distance <4092 km. As a comparison, the periodic variations of motion state, energy, and abnormal morphology in the ionospheric anomalies were originally revealed by CAS GIM. The motion tracks exhibited oscillation periodicity characteristics, and the nonstationary and nonlinear intensity fluctuation implied a harmonic energy transmission. These results reflected the imbalance between energy transmission and ion + distribution in dynamic ionospheric processes. Then, the evolution of the ionospheric anomaly could be divided into three stages: formation of 9.2–12.4 LT, climax of 12.6–19.5 LT, and dissipation of 19.7–23.7 LT. During the peak period, the changes in energy transmission resulted in transforming the ionosphere to a "single-double peaks" shape and strong enhancement of the TEC intensity. The variations in horizontal phase velocity of 166–320 km/s in the abnormal region reflected the differences in electromagnetic waves from slow increases to rapid attenuation in the formation and dissipation periods. Based on the electromagnetic field disturbances recorded by the Swarm spacecraft, potential lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) effects could be identified through the electromagnetic coupling path. These features made it easy to remove earthquake precursor signals from other “source-type” TEC turbulences.
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Data availability
The Dst and Kp index can be accessed at https://www.nasa.gov/goddard, and the F10.7 index is available from http://www.sepc.ac.cn. The Swarm satellite observation data are located at https://swarm-diss.eo.esa.int, and the Jason satellite observation data can be found at https://openadb.dgfi.tum.de. The IGS GIMs and CAS GIMs data are available from ftp://ftp.gipp.org.cn; ftp://ftp.gipp.org.cn
Abbreviations
- AIP:
-
Anomalous ionosphere peak
- CAS:
-
Chinese academy of sciences
- Dst:
-
Disturbance storm time
- EIA:
-
Equatorial ionospheric anomaly
- F10.7:
-
Solar flux index of 10.7 cm
- GIM:
-
Global ionosphere map
- GNSS:
-
Global navigation satellite system
- GPS:
-
Global positioning system
- GTS:
-
Generalized trigonometric series
- IAACs:
-
Ionospheric analysis centers
- IGS:
-
International gnss service
- IQR:
-
Interquartile range
- LAIC:
-
Lithosphere: atmosphere: ionosphere coupling
- LT:
-
Local time
- PEIA:
-
Pre-earthquake ionosphere anomaly
- RMS:
-
Root mean square
- SH:
-
Spherical harmonic
- SHPTS:
-
Spherical harmonic function plus generalized trigonometric series functions
- TEC:
-
Total electron content
- UT:
-
Universal time
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Acknowledgments
We thank two anonymous reviewers for their very careful and useful comments and suggestions. This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41774001, 41704015, 41974022, 41774024), the Autonomous and Controllable Special Project for Surveying and Mapping of China (Grant No. 816-517), the SDUST Research Fund (Grant No. 2014TDJH101), and Natural Science Foundation of Suqian (Grant No. K201914). We are very grateful to the International GNSS Service and Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing GIM data. The Goddard Space Flight Center and the Space Environment Prediction Center is acknowledged for Dst, Kp and F10.7 index data. Also, we express our thanks for the electromagnetic data permission from the European Space Agency.
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Shi, K., Ding, H., Guo, J. et al. Refined seismic-ionospheric effects: case study of Mw 8.2 Chiapas earthquake on September 7, 2017. GPS Solut 25, 87 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01129-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01129-8