Abstract
Adaptive radiation is the diversification of a founding population into multiple taxa that are differentially adapted to diverse ecological niches. The three Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) species endemic to the Bonin Islands are considered to represent an example of adaptive radiation on oceanic islands. All three species are distributed in the Chichijima Island Group and grow in different habitats, while only one species, C. subpubescens, is distributed among other island groups. Particularly, in the Hahajima and Mukojima Island Groups, C. subpubescens grows in various habitats and shows relatively high morphological variation. We investigated genotypes of the three Callicarpa species at 14 microsatellite markers to elucidate genetic differentiation within and between species or island groups and between different habitats or morphologies. We found that genetic differentiation within C. subpubescens in the Hahajima and Mukojima Island Groups was equally as high as that between the three species in the Chichijima Island Group, while differentiation within C. subpubescens in the Chichijima Island Group was much lower. Analyses such as a Bayesian clustering analysis showed that genetically distinct groups were associated with the three species in the Chichijima Island Group, whereas they showed strong genetic structure within C. subpubescens in the Hahajima and Mukojima Island Groups among different habitats and morphologies. These results indicated that ecological diversification occurred in the Hahajima and Mukojima Island Groups. Meanwhile, high genetic differentiation among different island groups was also observed, reflecting isolation by distance. It implies that non-ecological factors such as geographic isolation also played important roles in genetic differentiation in Callicarpa species in the Bonin Islands. These findings suggest that the Callicarpa species in the Bonin Islands are differentiated into multiple genetic groups by both ecological and non-ecological factors.
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Acknowledgements
This work was partly supported by Grants-in-Aid for Science Research (20241056 to HK and NM, 18370038 to HK) from the Japanese Society for Promotion of Science and an intramural grant from the Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences in Shimane University. We thank Drs. Y. Isagi, S. Kaneko, and S. Setsuko for valuable comments. We are also grateful to Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Ministry of Environmental Government of Japan, and Forestry Agency of Japan for allowing us to perform this study. We would like to thank Enago (http://www.enago.jp) for the English language review and the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions. This research was conducted using Tokyo Metropolitan University Ogasawara Field Research Station.
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Sugai, K., Mori, K., Murakami, N. et al. Strong genetic structure revealed by microsatellite variation in Callicarpa species endemic to the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands. J Plant Res 132, 759–775 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-019-01144-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-019-01144-4