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Tethering, evagination, and vesiculation via cell–cell interactions in microvascular flow

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Abstract

Vesiculation is a ubiquitous process undergone by most cell types and serves a variety of vital cell functions; vesiculation from erythrocytes, in particular, is a well-known example and constitutes a self-protection mechanism against premature clearance, inter alia. Herein, we explore a paradigm that red blood cell derived vesicles may form within the microvascular, in intense shear flow, where cells become adhered to either other cells or the extracellular matrix, by forming tethers or an evagination. Adherence may be enhanced, or caused, by diseased states or chemical anomalies as are discussed herein. The mechanisms for such processes are detailed via numerical simulations that are patterned directly from video-recorded cell microflow within the splenic venous sinus (MacDonald et al. 1987), as included, e.g., as Supplementary Material. The mechanisms uncovered highlight the necessity of accounting for remodeling of the erythrocyte’s membrane skeleton and, specifically, for the time scales associated with that process that is an integral part of cell deformation. In this way, the analysis provides pointed, and vital, insights into the notion of what the, often used phrase, cell deformability actually entails in a more holistic manner. The analysis also details what data are required to make further quantitative descriptions possible and suggests experimental pathways for acquiring such.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

    Robert J. Asaro & Qiang Zhu

  2. Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada

    Ian C MacDonald

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  1. Robert J. Asaro
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  2. Qiang Zhu
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  3. Ian C MacDonald
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Correspondence to Robert J. Asaro.

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The authors acknowledge that this manuscript has not been published or submitted to any other journal or media. The authors, RJA, QZ, and I.C. MacDonald, all contributed to the writing and planning of the manuscript. No human subjects were used in the research performed, and both authors consent to the present submission. In addition, there are no conflicts of interest to report.

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Asaro, R.J., Zhu, Q. & MacDonald, I.C. Tethering, evagination, and vesiculation via cell–cell interactions in microvascular flow. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 20, 31–53 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-020-01366-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-020-01366-9

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