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A Review of Mine Water Rebound Predictions from the VSS–NET Model

Überblick über die Bestimmung des Wasserwiederanstiegs mit dem VSS–NET-Modell

Una revisión de las predicciones desde el modelo VSS–NET

矿井水位恢复VSS–NET预测效果的评价

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Abstract

Mine water rebound predictions made in the late 1990s and early 2000s were critically reviewed in light of subsequent monitoring data and available literature. The VSS–NET physically-based groundwater model simulates the rebound process by representing both laminar and turbulent flow; the latter is observed in mined out voids, including shafts, adits, and underground roadways. We found good agreement between modelled and predicted rebound rates at a coal mine (Whittle Colliery) in NE England. The rebound from an abandoned tin mine in Cornwall, England (South Crofty), which closed in 1998, took place more rapidly than initially predicted by the VSS–NET model; however, by back-fitting the storage coefficient, the observed rate was matched by the model. In a third case study from a coal mine in South Wales, we managed to reproduce the flow rate from an adit reasonably closely following rebound. However, at a fourth site, a better fit to the rebound curve was obtained using a simpler, lumped model. These studies show the value of using models to predict rebound and discharge from flooded mines, which is important since these mines can produce a long-term legacy of pollution and can cause serious environmental impacts downstream.

Zusammenfassung

Prognosen des Grubenwasserwiederanstiegs aus den späten 90er und frühen 2000er Jahren wurden anhand der späteren Monitoringdaten und der verfügbaren Literatur kritisch überprüft. Das physikalisch basierte VSS–NET-Grundwassermodell simuliert den Wiederanstieg als laminare und als turbulente Strömung. Letztere wird in bergbaulichen Hohlräumen beobachtet, einschließlich Schächten, Stollen und untertägigen Transportwegen. Wir fanden eine gute Übereinstimmung des modellierten und des gemessenen Wiederanstiegs in einer Kohlegrube (Whittle Collery) in Nordost-England. Der Wiederanstieg in einer Zinngrube in Cornwall (England (South Crofty), die 1998 geschlossen wurde, verlief schneller als ursprünglich mit den VSS–NET-Modell prognostiziert. Eine Anpassung des Speicherkoeffizienten erbrachte jedoch eine gute Übereinstimmung des beobachteten mit dem modellierten Wiederanstieg. In einer dritten Fallstudie an einer Kohlengrube in Süd-Wales konnten wir den Abfluss aus einem Stollen nach dem Wiederanstieg gut reproduzieren. In einer vierten Fallstudie konnte eine bessere Reproduktion der Wiederanstiegskurve jedoch mit einem einfacheren Modell erreicht werden. Die Fallstudien zeigen den Wert der Nutzung von Modellen für die Prognose von Wiederanstieg und Abfluss aus gefluteten Gruben. Das ist wichtig, da diese stillgelegten Bergwerke eine langfristige Quelle von Kontaminationen und ernsten Umweltbeeinträchtigungen sein können.

Resumen

Las predicciones de rebote de agua de mina, realizadas hacia el final de la década del 90 y comienzo de 2000, fueron críticamente revisadas a la luz de datos recogidos posteriormente y de la literatura disponible. El modelo de agua subterránea VSS–NET simula el proceso de rebote incluyendo tanto flujo laminar como turbulento; este último es observado en huecos de minas, incluyendo pozos, socavones y caminos subterráneos. Se encontró buena correlación entre las velocidades de rebote predichas y modeladas en una mina de carbón (Whittle Colliery) en NE de Inglaterra. El rebote desde una mina de estaño abandona en Cornwall, Inglaterra (South Crofty), que fue cerrada en 1998, tuvo lugar más rápidamente que la inicialmente predicha por el modelo VSS–NET; sin embargo, reajustando el coeficiente de mantenimiento, se pudo predecir la velocidad observada. En un tercer caso de estudio en una mina de carbón en South Wales, fue posible reproducir el flujo desde un socavón. Sin embargo, en un cuarto sitio se obtuvo una mejor correlación a la curva de rebote utilizando un modelo más simple. Estos estudios muestran el valor de utilizar modelos para predecir rebote y descarga desde minas inundadas; es importante ya que estas minas pueden dejar un legado de polución a largo plazo y pueden causar serios impactos ambientales corriente abajo.

抽象

依据闭坑矿井水位恢复监测结果和已有文献,本文评述了20世纪末和21世纪初完成的矿井水位恢复预测结果的可靠性。基于物理机理的VSS–NET模型可模拟、预测矿井充水过程,能够模拟充水过程中发生的层流和发生于立井、斜井和井下大巷等处的紊流。研究发现:英格兰东北部威托煤矿(Whittle Colliery)实际充水过程与当初模拟结果吻合较好;1998年闭坑的英格兰康沃尔(Cornwall) South Crofty锡矿实际充水过程比当初VSS–NET预测过程更快;但是,经后向拟合(back-fitting)储水系数后,该锡矿水位恢复速度与模拟结果一致;在第三个案例中,本文反算出匹配南威尔士某煤矿实际水位恢复过程的斜巷涌水量;然而,对于第四个分析案例,更简单的集中参数模型拟合实际水位恢复曲线效果更好。研究证明了用模型工具预测水位恢复过程和充水矿井排水量的重要价值,这些矿井能够产生长期污染,对下游环境造成严重影响。

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Fig. 1

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Acknowledgments

The advice and support of Paul Younger, imparted during several research projects that led to the development and application of VSS–NET, is highly appreciated. These projects were mostly funded by the UK Environment Agency and other stakeholders. The Coal Authority supplied the updated Whittle Colliery water level data (used in the discussion and in Fig. 1).

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Adams, R. A Review of Mine Water Rebound Predictions from the VSS–NET Model. Mine Water Environ 33, 384–388 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-014-0312-6

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