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Using Iranian Bentonite (Birjand Area) to Remove Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions

Verwendung von iranischem Bentonit (Region Birjand) zur Entfernung von Cadmium aus aquatischen Lösungen

Uso de bentonita iraní (Area Birjand) para remover cadmio desde soluciones acuosas

利用伊朗Birjand地区膨润土去除水中镉

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Abstract

Bentonite from the Birjand area of Iran was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by this bentonite was investigated as a function of conditions such as contact time, metal concentrations, pH, stirring speed, temperature, particle size, and amount of bentonite. The adsorption isotherm was studied with different models: the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich models had the highest correlation coefficients, 0.9922 and 0.9988, respectively. The corresponding Langmuir model indicates a maximum adsorption capacity of 13.50 mg/g. First-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion equations were used to study the mechanism of adsorption; the experimental data fit well with pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were calculated at temperatures of 293, 303, 313, and 323 K, and indicated that the Cd adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous.

Zusammenfassung

Ein Bentonit aus der Region Birjand/Iran wurde mittels XRD, XRF und FTIR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die Entfernung von Cadmium aus aquatischen Lösungen unter Verwendung dieses Bentonits wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Kontaktzeit, der Metallkonzentration, dem pH-Wert, der Rührgeschwindigkeit, der Temperatur, der Partikelgröße und der Menge des Bentonits untersucht. Für die Adsorptionsisotherme wurden verschiedene Modelle geprüft: Die Modelle nach Freundlich und Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) wiesen mit 0,9922 bzw. 0,9988 die höchsten Korrelationskoeffizienten auf. Das korrespondierende Langmuir-Modell ermittelt dazu eine maximale Adsorptionskapazität von 13,5 mg/g. Um den Adsorptionsmechanismus zu beschreiben, wurden Gleichungen erster Ordnung, pseudo-zweiter Ordnung und zur intrapartikulären Diffusion verwendet. Die Ergebnisse passen gut zu einer Kinetik pseudo-zweiter Ordnung. Für Temperaturen von 293, 303 und 323 K wurden thermodynamische Adsorptionsparameter ermittelt. Sie zeigen, dass die Adsorption von Cd exotherm und spontan abläuft.

Resumen

Bentonitas de la región Birjand de Irán fueron caracterizadas por XRD, XRF y espectroscopía FTIR. Se investigó la remoción de cadmio desde soluciones acuosas usando esta bentonita como una función de condiciones tales como tiempo de contacto, concentraciones metálicas, pH, velocidad de agitación, temperatura, tamaño de partícula y cantidad de bentonita. La isoterma de adsorción fue estudiada usando diferentes modelos: los modelos de Freundlich y Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) tuvieron los mayores coeficientes de correlación: 0,9922 y 0.9988 respectivamente. El modelo de Langmuir indica una capacidad máxima de adsorción de 13,50 mg/g. Las ecuaciones de primer orden, seudo segundo orden y de difusión intra-partícula fueron usadas para estudiar el mecanismo de adsorción; los datos experimentales ajustaron mejor con la cinética de seudo segundo orden. Los parámetros termodinámicos de adsorción fueron calculados a las temperaturas de 293, 303, 313 y 323K indicando que la adsorción de Cd fue exotérmica y espontánea.

摘要

利用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、傅氏转换红外线光谱仪等方法分析了伊朗Birjand地区的膨润土特征。研究了反应时间、镉浓度、pH、搅拌速度、温度、颗粒大小、膨润土投加量等不同条件对膨润土去除水中镉的影响。对比研究了不同类型等温吸附方程;其中,弗里德里希(Freundlich)方程和D-R(Dubinin-Radushkevich)方程相关系数最高,分别是0.9922和0.9988,而朗格缪尔(Langmuir)方程表明该膨润土的饱和吸附量是13.50 mg/g。分别采用一阶方程、准二阶方程和内扩散方程研究了膨润土的镉吸附机理,试验数据比较符合准二阶动力学方程。计算了温度分别为293K、303K、313K和323K时的吸附热力学参数,结果表明镉的吸附反应是放热、能自发进行的。

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran

    B. Sadeghalvad, M. Armaghan & A. Azadmehr

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  1. B. Sadeghalvad
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  2. M. Armaghan
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  3. A. Azadmehr
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Correspondence to A. Azadmehr.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material Fig. 1. XRD pattern of bentonite sample (PDF 3066 kb)

Supplementary material Fig. 2. FTIR pattern of bentonite sample (PDF 14 kb)

10230_2013_253_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material Fig. 3. Effect of mass of bentonite on the adsorption of Cd(II); conditions: pH:5.5, initial [Cd(II)]: 1,000 mg/L, T: 298 K, particle size: -150 µm, speed stirrer: 500 rpm, contact time: 30 min (PDF 5 kb)

10230_2013_253_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material Fig. 4. Effect of mass of bentonite on the value of Kd for adsorption of Cd(II) to bentonite; conditions: pH: 5.5, initial Cd(II)]: 1,000 mg/L, T: 298 K, particle size: -150 µm, speed stirrer: 500 rpm, contact time: 30 min (PDF 5 kb)

10230_2013_253_MOESM5_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material Fig. 5. Effect of contact time on the adsorption of Cd(II) to bentonite; conditions: pH: 5.5, m/V: 50 g/L, initial Cd(II)]: 1,000 mg/L, T: 298 K, particle size: -150 µm, stirring speed: 500 rpm (PDF 5 kb)

10230_2013_253_MOESM6_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material Fig. 6. Effect of speed stirrer on the adsorption of Cd(II) to bentonite; conditions: pH: 5.5, m/V: 50 g/L, initial Cd(II)]: 1,000 mg/L, T: 298 K, particle size: -150 µm, contact time: 30 min (PDF 5 kb)

10230_2013_253_MOESM7_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material Fig. 7. Effect of Cd(II) concentration on the adsorption of Cd(II) to bentonite; conditions: pH: 5.5, m/V: 50 g/L, T: 298 K, particle size: -150 µm, stirring speed: 500 rpm, contact time: 30 min (PDF 11 kb)

10230_2013_253_MOESM8_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material Fig. 8. Effect of pH on adsorption of Cd(II) by bentonite; conditions: pH: 5.5, m/V:50 g/L, T: 298 K, particle size: -150 µm, stirring speed:500 rpm (PDF 5 kb)

Supplementary material 9 (DOC 31 kb)

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Sadeghalvad, B., Armaghan, M. & Azadmehr, A. Using Iranian Bentonite (Birjand Area) to Remove Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions. Mine Water Environ 33, 79–88 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-013-0253-5

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