Abstract
An ice-ridge line more than 2,000 m long was discovered in a closed, deep lake—Lake Kuttara, Hokkaido, Japan—in the ice-covered season of 1995. To clarify when and how the ice-ridge line built up, meteorology and ice and water temperatures were monitored, and the density, thermal conductivity, and thickness of the covered ice were measured from January through March 1995. The covered ice on 4 and 5 March 1995, which corresponded to the period with the thickest lake ice, consisted of snow ice 0.05- to 0.07-m thick and candle ice 0.18- to 0.21-m thick. Numerical simulations for the ice thickness and temperature were carried out using a one-dimensional, unsteady, three-layer model. The simulated results, which were reasonable to the observations, indicate that due to the ice contraction and expansion, the ice-ridge line started to construct on 2 February and was completed the next day.
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Acknowledgments
We are greatly indebted to late Emeritus Professors Kinshiro Nakao and Koichi Urakami, Hokkaido University, for their invaluable advice in our field survey and simulation. We also express our gratitude to some staff of the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, for their welcome offer of the use of a low-temperature laboratory. Ms. Naoko Mayeda, a curator of the Bear Museum, kindly gave us much information on the ice-covered conditions of Lake Kuttara.
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Aihara, M., Chikita, K.A., Momoki, Y. et al. A physical study on the thermal ice ridge in a closed deep lake: Lake Kuttara, Hokkaido, Japan. Limnology 11, 125–132 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-009-0298-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-009-0298-0