Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Valorization of EVA waste from footwear industry as natural aggregates substitutes in mortar: the effect of granulometry

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The increased consumption of polymers and the consequent generation of waste requires the development of efficient recycling strategies. In this paper, poly(Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate) (EVA) waste with millimetric (1–3.15 mm) and micrometric (< 562 µm) granulometries were compared as lightweight aggregates substitutes for mortar. Additionally, millimetric EVA was coated with natural aggregates through a thermal treatment before mortar incorporation. The volumetric content of replaced natural aggregates in mortars ranged from 0 to 70%. It was concluded that the mortar density decreases with EVA incorporation, the stronger effect being obtained with millimetric EVA (22% vs 18%, for millimetric and micrometric EVA, 50% EVA). The flexural and compressive strengths decreased with increasing polymer replacement, although flexural strength was less affected than compressive strength and micrometric EVA proved to be less detrimental to the mechanical properties than millimetric EVA (50% vs 37% for flexural strength and 71% vs 64% for compressive strength for millimetric and micrometric EVA, 50% EVA). The water sorptivity coefficient substantially decreased with the addition of micrometric EVA. The less affected mechanical properties and better waterproofness achieved with the addition of micrometric EVA waste to mortar opens the possibility to obtain better quality polymer-substituted mortars with possible application in plasters or masonry laying.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Takiguchi H (2016) Global Environment Facility’s support for sustainable waste management. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 18(2):248–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0364-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rigamonti L, Biganzoli L, Grosso M (2019) Packaging re-use: a starting point for its quantification. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 21(1):35–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0747-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 3(7):e1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Thorneycroft J, Orr J, Savoikar P, Ball R (2018) Performance of structural concrete with recycled plastic waste as a partial replacement for sand. Constr Build Mater 161:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lima PRL, Leite MB, Santiago EQR (2010) Recycled lightweight concrete made from footwear industry waste and CDW. Waste Manage 30(6):1107–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Zattera AJ, Bianchi O, Zeni M, Ferreira CA (2005) Caracterização de resíduos de copolímeros de etileno-acetato de vinila—EVA. Polímeros 15:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-14282005000100016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Choi YW, Moon DJ, Kim YJ, Lachemi M (2009) Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Constr Build Mater 23(8):2829–2835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Choi YW, Moon DJ, Chung JS, Cho SK (2005) Effects of waste PET bottles aggregate on the properties of concrete. Cem Concr Res 35(4):776–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hannawi K, Kamali-Bernard S, Prince W (2010) Physical and mechanical properties of mortars containing PET and PC waste aggregates. Waste Manage 30(11):2312–2320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Islam MJ, Meherier MS, Islam AR (2016) Effects of waste PET as coarse aggregate on the fresh and harden properties of concrete. Constr Build Mater 125:946–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jacob-Vaillancourt C, Sorelli L (2018) Characterization of concrete composites with recycled plastic aggregates from postconsumer material streams. Constr Build Mater 182:561–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Saxena R, Siddique S, Gupta T, Sharma RK, Chaudhary S (2018) Impact resistance and energy absorption capacity of concrete containing plastic waste. Constr Build Mater 176:415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Silva RV, de Brito J, Saikia N (2013) Influence of curing conditions on the durability-related performance of concrete made with selected plastic waste aggregates. Cement Concr Compos 35(1):23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Coppola B, Courard L, Michel F, Incarnato L, Di Maio L (2016) Investigation on the use of foamed plastic waste as natural aggregates replacement in lightweight mortar. Compos B Eng 99:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.05.058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. İpek S, Diri A, Mermerdaş K (2020) Recycling the low-density polyethylene pellets in the pervious concrete production. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01127-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Latroch N, Benosman AS, Bouhamou NE, Senhadji Y, Mouli M (2018) Physico-mechanical and thermal properties of composite mortars containing lightweight aggregates of expanded polyvinyl chloride. Constr Build Mater 175:77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ceran ÖB, Şimşek B, Uygunoğlu T, Şara ON (2019) PVC concrete composites: comparative study with other polymer concrete in terms of mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 21(4):818–828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00846-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Corinaldesi V, Mazzoli A, Moriconi G (2011) Mechanical behaviour and thermal conductivity of mortars containing waste rubber particles. Mater Des 32(3):1646–1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.10.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Chai L, Guo L, Chen B, Xu Y, Ding C (2019) Mechanical properties of ecological high ductility cementitious composites produced with recycled crumb rubber and recycled asphalt concrete. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 21(3):488–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0813-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Na O, Xi Y (2017) Mechanical and durability properties of insulation mortar with rubber powder from waste tires. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 19(2):763–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0475-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Dulsang N, Kasemsiri P, Posi P, Hiziroglu S, Chindaprasirt P (2016) Characterization of an environment friendly lightweight concrete containing ethyl vinyl acetate waste. Mater Des 96:350–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.02.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kumar KS, Baskar K (2015) Recycling of E-plastic waste as a construction material in developing countries. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 17(4):718–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-014-0303-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Alqahtani FK, Ghataora G, Khan MI, Dirar S (2017) Novel lightweight concrete containing manufactured plastic aggregate. Constr Build Mater 148:386–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Osei DY (2014) Experimental investigation on recycled plastics as aggregate in concrete. Int J Struct Civ Eng Res 3(2):168–174

    Google Scholar 

  25. Silva BMM (2008) Betão leve estrutural com agregados de argila expandida. Dissertation, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto

  26. Khan KA, Ahmad I, Alam M (2018) Effect of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) on the setting time of cement at different temperatures as well as on the mechanical strength of concrete. Arab J Sci Eng 44:4075–4084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3249-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Betioli AM, Gleize PJP, John VM, Pileggi RG (2012) Effect of EVA on the fresh properties of cement paste. Cement Concr Compos 34(2):255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mansur AA, Do Nascimento OL, Mansur HS (2009) Physico-chemical characterization of EVA-modified mortar and porcelain tiles interfaces. Cem Concr Res 39(12):1199–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.07.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Wu YY, Ma BG, Wang J, Zhang FC, Jian SW (2011) Study on interface properties of EVA-modified cement mortar. Adv Mater Res Trans Tech Publ 250–253:875–880

  30. Gregory T, O’Keefe S (1990) Rheological measurements on fresh polymer-modified cement pastes. In: Proceedings of the international conference organized by the British society of rheology, pp 69–79

  31. Ohama Y (1998) Polymer-based admixtures. Cem Concr Compos 20(2–3):189–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(97)00065-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Su Z, Bijen J, Larbi J (1991) Influence of polymer modification on the hydration of portland cement. Cem Concr Res 21(4):535–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(91)90004-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Babafemi A, Šavija B, Paul S, Anggraini V (2018) Engineering properties of concrete with waste recycled plastic: a review. Sustainability 10(11):3875. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Gu L, Ozbakkaloglu T (2016) Use of recycled plastics in concrete: a critical review. Waste Manage 51:19–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Azhdarpour AM, Nikoudel MR, Taheri M (2016) The effect of using polyethylene terephthalate particles on physical and strength-related properties of concrete; a laboratory evaluation. Constr Build Mater 109:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Yang S, Yue X, Liu X, Tong Y (2015) Properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete containing recycled plastic particles. Constr Build Mater 84:444–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Betioli AM, Hoppe Filho J, Cincotto MA, Gleize P, Pileggi RG (2009) Chemical interaction between EVA and Portland cement hydration at early-age. Constr Build Mater 23(11):3332–3336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kim (2020) Influence of polymer types on the mechanical properties of polymer-modified cement mortars. Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Doğan M, Bideci A (2016) Effect of Styrene Butadiene Copolymer (SBR) admixture on high strength concrete. Constr Build Mater 112:378–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Standardization, E.C.F. (2008) EN 12620: Aggregates for concrete

  41. Standardization, E.C.F. (1999) EN 1015-3. Methods of test for mortar for masonry—Part 3: Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table)

  42. Qualidade, I.P.d. (2017) NP EN 196-1. Métodos de ensaio de cimentos. Parte 1: Determinação das resistências mecânicas

  43. RILEM (1999) Permeability of concrete as a criterion of its durability: tests for gas permeability of concrete recommendations TC 116-PCD. Mater Struct 32(217):174–179

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hall C (1989) Water sorptivity of mortars and concretes: a review. Mag Concr Res 41(147):51–61. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1989.41.147.51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Garcia MdL, Sousa-Coutinho J (2008) Wood ash from forest waste for partial cement replacement in mortars. Indian Concr J 82(6):39

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sousa Coutinho J (2003) The combined benefits of CPF and RHA in improving the durability of concrete structures. Cement Concr Compos 25:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00055-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Asensio RC, Moya MSA, de la Roja JM, Gómez M (2009) Analytical characterization of polymers used in conservation and restoration by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 395(7):2081–2096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2064-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Jung MR, Horgen FD, Orski SV, Rodriguez V, Beers KL, Balazs GH, Jones TT, Work TM, Brignac KC, Royer SJ (2018) Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms. Mar Pollut Bull 127:704–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Gomes CEM, Ferreira OP, Fernandes MR (2005) Influence of vinyl acetate-versatic vinylester copolymer on the microstructural characteristics of cement pastes. Mater Res 8(1):51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Silva DAd, Roman HR, Gleize P (2002) Evidences of chemical interaction between EVA and hydrating Portland cement. Cem Concr Res 32(9):1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00805-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Stark W, Jaunich M (2011) Investigation of Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA) by thermal analysis DSC and DMA. Polym Testing 30(2):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2010.12.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Sharma R, Bansal PP (2016) Use of different forms of waste plastic in concrete—a review. J Clean Prod 112:473–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Siddique R, Khatib J, Kaur I (2008) Use of recycled plastic in concrete: a review. Waste Manage 28(10):1835–1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Matos AM, Nunes S, Sousa-Coutinho J (2015) Cork waste in cement based materials. Mater Des 85:230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.082

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from the project FAMEST, ref. POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024529, co-financed by COMPETE2020 through PT2020 and FEDER. MAL and SCP acknowledge National funds from FCT/MCTES, UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDB/00511/2020, respectively. The authors are also grateful to Atlanta, Componentes para Calçado, Lda for the supply of EVA polymer.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. FEUP, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    Manuela C. Baptista, M. da Luz Garcia, Sílvia C. Pinho, M. Ascensão Lopes, Manuel F. Almeida & Carlos Fonseca

  2. ISEP, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal

    M. da Luz Garcia

  3. LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    Sílvia C. Pinho & Manuel F. Almeida

  4. LAQV/REQUIMTE—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    M. Ascensão Lopes

  5. Atlanta—Componentes para o Calçado, Lda., AP. 57, Marco de Simães, 4615-909, Lixa, Portugal

    Carlos Coelho

  6. LAETA/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    Carlos Fonseca

Authors
  1. Manuela C. Baptista
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. da Luz Garcia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sílvia C. Pinho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Ascensão Lopes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Manuel F. Almeida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Carlos Coelho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Carlos Fonseca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MCB: conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, visualization. MLG: methodology, validation, investigation, writing—reviewing and editing. SCP: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—reviewing and editing. MAL: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—reviewing and editing. MFA: visualization, investigation, writing—reviewing and editing. CC: resources, validation, investigation. CF: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—reviewing and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manuela C. Baptista.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baptista, M.C., da Luz Garcia, M., Pinho, S.C. et al. Valorization of EVA waste from footwear industry as natural aggregates substitutes in mortar: the effect of granulometry. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 23, 1445–1455 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01222-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01222-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation