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PfSMAD1/5 Can Interact with PfSMAD4 to Inhibit PfMSX to Regulate Shell Biomineralization in Pinctada fucata martensii

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Abstract

The BMP2 signal transduced by SMAD1/5 plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Shell formation of Pinctada fucata martensii is a typical biomineralization process that is similar to that of teeth/bone formation. However, whether the Pinctada fucata BMP2 (PfBMP2) signal transduced by PfSMAD1/5 occurs in P. f. martensii, how the PfBMP2 signal is transduced by PfSMAD1/5, and how PfSMAD1/5 regulates the biomineralization process in this species and other shellfish are poorly understood. Therefore, injection experiments of recombinant PfBMP2 and inhibitor dorsomorphin revealed that PfSMAD1/5 can transduce PfBMP2 signals. Subcellular localization and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays indicated that PfSMAD1/5 phosphorylated by PfBMPR1b interacts with PfSMAD4 in the cytoplasm to form a complex, which translocates to the nucleus to transduce PfBMP2 signals. Co-immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays revealed that PfSMAD1/5 may interact with PfMSX to dislodge it from its binding element, resulting in initiation of mantle gene transcription. The in vivo functional assay showed that knockdown of PfMSAD1/5 decreased expression of shell matrix genes and disordered the nacreous layer, and the correlation assay of shell regeneration showed the concomitant expression pattern of PfSMAD1/5 and shell matrix genes. Together, these data showed that PfSMAD1/5 can transduce PfBMP2 signals to regulate shell biomineralization in P. f. martensii, which illustrated conservation of the BMP2-SMAD signal pathway among invertebrates. Particularly, the results suggest that there is only one PfMSX gene, which functions like the Hox gene in vertebrates, that interacts with PfSMAD1/5 in a protein–protein action form and plays the role of transcription repressor.

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Abbreviations

TGF:

Transcription growth factor

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

BMPR:

BMP receptor

HOX:

Homotypic box gene

IPTG:

Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

CO-IP:

Co-immunoprecipitation

RT-PCR:

Real-time polymerase chain reaction

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

FITC:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

DAPI:

6-Diamidino-2-pheny-lindole

BiFC:

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation

WT:

Wild type

MU:

Mutation

RNAi:

RNA interference

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SBE:

SMAD binding element

Bambi:

BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor

EYFP:

Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41606151), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (grant no. 2019A1515011968), the Earmarked Fund for the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (grant no. CARS-49), and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (2017B0303014052).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China

    Yu Shi, Mi Zhao & Maoxian He

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  1. Yu Shi
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  2. Mi Zhao
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  3. Maoxian He
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Contributions

Y.S. and M.H. planned and designed the research. Y.S. performed experiments, analyzed data, and wrote the paper. M.Z. performed the subcellular localization and BiFC assay. All the authors reviewed, edited, and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Maoxian He.

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Shi, Y., Zhao, M. & He, M. PfSMAD1/5 Can Interact with PfSMAD4 to Inhibit PfMSX to Regulate Shell Biomineralization in Pinctada fucata martensii. Mar Biotechnol 22, 246–262 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-020-09948-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-020-09948-5

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