Abstract
This work proposes a novel approach called stand-alone hybrid system power pinch analysis (SAHPPA), which is particularly applicable for the design of off-grid distributed energy generation systems. The enhanced graphical tool employs new ways of utilising the recently introduced demand composite curve and supply composite curve while honouring and adapting fundamental energy systems engineering concepts. The SAHPPA method is capable of optimising the capacity of both the power generators and energy storage for biomass (i.e. non-intermittent) and solar photovoltaic (i.e. intermittent) energy technologies, which is a contribution to the emerging area of power pinch analysis. In addition, the procedure considers all possible efficiency losses in the overall system encompassing the charging–discharging and current inversion processes.
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Abbreviations
- DCC:
-
Demand composite curve
- ESCA:
-
Electric system cascade analysis
- O&M:
-
Operating and maintenance
- PPA:
-
Power pinch analysis
- SAHPPA:
-
Stand-alone hybrid system power pinch analysis
- SCC:
-
Supply composite curve
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Appendix
Appendix
Appendix A: Cost data
Power generator | Capital cost (RMa/kW) | Fixed O&Mb cost (RM/kW) | Variable O&M cost (RM/kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|
Biomass (direct-fired) | 12,120 | 316 | 0.02 |
Solar PV | 16,414.62 | 122.9 | – |
Energy storage | Energy-related cost (RM/kWh) | Power-related cost (RM/kWh) | Fixed O&M cost (RM/kW) |
Sodium sulphur battery | 901.44 | 735.55 | 184.67 |
Source Steward et al. (2009) | |||
System life: 20 years Fractional interest rate/year: 7 % | |||
Appendix B: Results using ESCA
Time (h:min) | Demand (kWh) | Biomass energy generation (kWh) | Net energy demand (kWh) | Charging of energy (kWh) | Discharging of energy (kWh) | Cumulative energy (kWh) | Adjusted cumulative energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 147.76 | ||||||
00:00 | 25 | 52.70 | 27.70 | 18.70 | 0.00 | 18.70 | 166.45 |
01:00 | 25 | 52.70 | 27.70 | 18.70 | 0.00 | 37.39 | 185.15 |
02:00 | 25 | 52.70 | 27.70 | 18.70 | 0.00 | 56.09 | 203.85 |
03:00 | 25 | 52.70 | 27.70 | 18.70 | 0.00 | 74.79 | 222.55 |
04:00 | 25 | 52.70 | 27.70 | 18.70 | 0.00 | 93.49 | 241.24 |
05:00 | 25 | 52.70 | 27.70 | 18.70 | 0.00 | 112.18 | 259.94 |
06:00 | 25 | 52.70 | 27.70 | 18.70 | 0.00 | 130.88 | 278.64 |
07:00 | 25 | 52.70 | 27.70 | 18.70 | 0.00 | 149.58 | 297.34 |
08:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | 116.54 | 264.30 |
09:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | 83.50 | 231.26 |
10:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | 50.47 | 198.22 |
11:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | 17.43 | 165.19 |
12:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | −15.61 | 132.15 |
13:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | −48.64 | 99.11 |
14:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | −81.68 | 66.07 |
15:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | −114.72 | 33.04 |
16:00 | 75 | 52.70 | −22.30 | 0.00 | −33.04 | −147.76 | 0.00 |
17:00 | 15 | 52.70 | 37.70 | 25.45 | 0.00 | −122.31 | 25.45 |
18:00 | 15 | 52.70 | 37.70 | 25.45 | 0.00 | −96.86 | 50.90 |
19:00 | 15 | 52.70 | 37.70 | 25.45 | 0.00 | −71.41 | 76.34 |
20:00 | 15 | 52.70 | 37.70 | 25.45 | 0.00 | −45.97 | 101.79 |
21:00 | 30 | 52.70 | 22.70 | 15.32 | 0.00 | −30.64 | 117.11 |
22:00 | 30 | 52.70 | 22.70 | 15.32 | 0.00 | −15.32 | 132.43 |
23:00 | 30 | 52.70 | 22.70 | 15.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 147.76 |
Time (h:min) | Demand (kWh) | Solar radiation (W/m2) | Solar energy generation (kWh) | Net energy demand (kWh) | Charging of energy (kWh) | Discharging of energy (kWh) | Cumulative energy (kWh) | Adjusted cumulative energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 185.19 | |||||||
00:00 | 25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −25.00 | 0.00 | −37.04 | −37.04 | 148.15 |
01:00 | 25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −25.00 | 0.00 | −37.04 | −74.07 | 111.11 |
02:00 | 25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −25.00 | 0.00 | −37.04 | −111.11 | 74.07 |
03:00 | 25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −25.00 | 0.00 | −37.04 | −148.15 | 37.04 |
04:00 | 25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −25.00 | 0.00 | −37.04 | −185.19 | 0.00 |
05:00 | 25 | 0.15 | 27.97 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.00 | −185.04 | 0.14 |
06:00 | 25 | 0.40 | 74.58 | 42.13 | 35.10 | 0.00 | −149.94 | 35.25 |
07:00 | 25 | 0.63 | 116.54 | 79.88 | 66.57 | 0.00 | −83.37 | 101.82 |
08:00 | 75 | 0.80 | 149.17 | 59.25 | 49.38 | 0.00 | −33.99 | 151.19 |
09:00 | 75 | 0.93 | 172.47 | 80.23 | 66.86 | 0.00 | 32.86 | 218.05 |
10:00 | 75 | 1.00 | 186.46 | 92.81 | 77.34 | 0.00 | 110.21 | 295.39 |
11:00 | 75 | 0.90 | 167.81 | 76.03 | 63.36 | 0.00 | 173.57 | 358.75 |
12:00 | 75 | 0.90 | 167.81 | 76.03 | 63.36 | 0.00 | 236.93 | 422.11 |
13:00 | 75 | 0.80 | 149.17 | 59.25 | 49.38 | 0.00 | 286.30 | 471.49 |
14:00 | 75 | 0.60 | 111.88 | 25.69 | 21.41 | 0.00 | 307.71 | 492.89 |
15:00 | 75 | 0.40 | 74.58 | −7.87 | 0.00 | −11.67 | 296.04 | 481.23 |
16:00 | 75 | 0.15 | 27.97 | −49.83 | 0.00 | −73.82 | 222.22 | 407.41 |
17:00 | 15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −15.00 | 0.00 | −22.22 | 200.00 | 385.19 |
18:00 | 15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −15.00 | 0.00 | −22.22 | 177.78 | 362.96 |
19:00 | 15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −15.00 | 0.00 | −22.22 | 155.56 | 340.74 |
20:00 | 15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −15.00 | 0.00 | −22.22 | 133.33 | 318.52 |
21:00 | 30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −30.00 | 0.00 | −44.44 | 88.89 | 274.07 |
22:00 | 30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −30.00 | 0.00 | −44.44 | 44.44 | 229.63 |
23:00 | 30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −30.00 | 0.00 | −44.44 | 0.00 | 185.19 |
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Ho, W.S., Khor, C.S., Hashim, H. et al. SAHPPA: a novel power pinch analysis approach for the design of off-grid hybrid energy systems. Clean Techn Environ Policy 16, 957–970 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-013-0700-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-013-0700-9