Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Accuracy of gastric nodule combined with rapid urease test prediction in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection in children

  • Original Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

The diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in children remains challenging with the lack of a rapid, cost-effective, and highly accurate diagnostic method. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the accuracy of the combination of gastric nodule and rapid urease test (RUT) as a diagnostic method for H. pylori infection in children.

Methods

The study included participants who underwent a thorough examination, including gastroscopy, a 13C breath test, RUT, and pathological methylene blue staining, with the gold standard for diagnosing of H. pylori infection being a positive result from both pathological methylene blue staining and 13C breath test. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the diagnostic methods were calculated.

Results

The accuracy of the different tests for H. pylori infection was evaluated in 2202 participants. A total of 730 (33.2%) children were diagnosed with H. pylori infection (pathological methylene blue staining and 13C breath test, both positive). Gastric nodule had a sensitivity of 87.1% and a specificity of 93.1%, whereas combining gastric nodule and RUT in parallel had the higher accuracy of 95.4%. The accuracy of gastric nodule diagnosis was higher in younger age groups and increased after excluding patients with a history of anti-H. pylori treatment.

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that gastric nodules, particularly when combined with RUT, can be a valuable predictor of H. pylori infection in children, offering a simple and feasible alternative to other invasive methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Sugano K, Tack J, Kuipers EJ, Graham DY, El-Omar EM, Miura S, Haruma K, Asaka M, Uemura N, Malfertheiner P (2015) Gut 64(9):1353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Smith SI, Ajayi A, Jolaiya T, Onyekwere C, Setshedi M, Schulz C, Otegbayo JA, Ndip R, Dieye Y, Alboraie M, Ally R, Gunturu R, Hyasinta J, Ugiagbe R, Ndububa D, Arigbabu A (2022) African Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group. Helicobacter pylori Infection in Africa: Update of the Current Situation and Challenges. Dig Dis 40(4):534–544. https://doi.org/10.1159/000518959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zabala Torrres B, Lucero Y, Lagomarcino AJ, Orellana-Manzano A, George S, Torres JP, O’Ryan M (2017) Review: Prevalence and dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection during childhood. Helicobacter 22(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12399

  4. Yuan C, Adeloye D, Luk TT, Huang L, He Y, Xu Y, Ye X, Yi Q, Song P, Rudan I (2022) The Lancet Child Adolesc Health 6(3):185

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ren S, Cai P, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhang Y, Li Q, Gu Y, Wei L, Yan C, Jin G (2022) J Gastroenterol Hepatol 37(3):464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Marginean CM, Cioboata R, Olteanu M, Vasile CM, Popescu M, Popescu AIS, Bondari S, Pirscoveanu D, Marginean IC, Iacob GA, Popescu MD, Stanciu M, Mitrut P (2022Dec 29) The importance of accurate early diagnosis and eradication in helicobacter pylori infection: Pictorial summary review in children and adults. Antibiotics (Basel). 12(1):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Koletzko S, Jones NL, Goodman KJ, Gold B, Rowland M, Cadranel S, Chong S, Colletti RB, Casswall T, Elitsur Y, Guarner J, Kalach N, Madrazo A, Megraud F, Oderda G (2011) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 53(2):230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Guevara B, Cogdill AG (2020) Dig Dis Sci 65(7):1917

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hahn M, Fennerty MB, Corless CL, Magaret N, Lieberman DA, Faigel DO (2000) Gastrointest Endosc 52(1):20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Aktepe OC, Ciftçi IH, Safak B, Uslan I, Dilek FH (2011) World J Gastroenterol 17(47):5172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Lunet N, Peleteiro B, Carrilho C, Figueiredo C, Azevedo A (2009) BMC Gastroenterol 9:98

  12. Jehanne Q, Bénéjat L, Mégraud F, Bessède E, Lehours P (2020) Evaluation of the Allplex™ H pylori and ClariR PCR Assay for Helicobacter pylori detection on gastric biopsies. Helicobacter 25(4):e12702. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Yoshii S, Mabe K, Watano K, Ohno M, Matsumoto M, Ono S, Kudo T, Nojima M, Kato M, Sakamoto N (2020) Digest Endosc Off J Japan Gastroenterol Endosc Soc 32(1):74

    Google Scholar 

  14. Akamatsu T, Okamura T, Iwaya Y, Suga T (2015) Gastroenterol Clin North Am 44(3):667

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kako S, Iwaya Y, Nagaya T, Hara D, Okamura T, Iwaya M, Kurasawa S, Kato S, Nakayama Y, Akamatsu T, Umemura T (2021) Helicobacter 26(6):e12845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sýkora J, Varvarovská J, Kuntscherová J, Stozický F, Vincent P, Martin de Lasalle E, Gottrand F (2002) Casopis lekaru ceskych 141(19):615

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Al Kirdy F, Rajab M, El-Rifai N (2020) Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histological Findings in Lebanese Pediatric Patients. Int J Pediatr 2020:4648167. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4648167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Loffeld RJ (1999) Neth J Med 54(3):96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mazigh Mrad S, Abidi K, Brini I, Boukthir S, Sammoud A (2012) Nodular gastritis: an endoscopic indicator of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Tunis Med 90(11):789–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Łazowska-Przeorek I, Kotowska M, Banasiuk M, Karolewska-Bochenek K, Banaszkiewicz A, Gawrońska A, Albrecht P (2015) Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res 21:1827

    Google Scholar 

  21. Prasad KK, Thapa BR, Sharma AK, Nain CK, Singh K (2008) Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 54(1):1

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Luzza F, Pensabene L, Imeneo M, Mancuso M, Giancotti L, La Vecchia AM, Costa MC, Strisciuglio P, Pallone F (2002) Helicobacter 7(1):46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Yorulmaz A, Emiroğlu HH, Gümüş MD, Emiroğlu M (2022) J Natl Med Assoc 114(4):440

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bahú Mda G, da Silveira TR, Maguilnick I, Ulbrich-Kulczynski J (2003) Endoscopic nodular gastritis: an endoscopic indicator of high-grade bacterial colonization and severe gastritis in children with Helicobacter pylori. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 36(2):217–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200302000-00011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hasosah M (2019) Saudi J Gastroenterol Off J Saudi Gastroenterol Assoc 25(2):126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Pourakbari B, Ghazi M, Mahmoudi S, Mamishi S, Azhdarkosh H, Najafi M, Kazemi B, Salavati A, Mirsalehian A (2013) Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection by invasive and noninvasive tests. Braz J Microbiol 44(3):795–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822013005000052

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, Lijmer JG, Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet HC, Kressel HY, Rifai N, Golub RM, Altman DG, Hooft L, Korevaar DA, Cohen JF (2015) BMJ (Clinical research ed) 351:h5527

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fang JY, Du YQ, Liu WZ, Ren JL, Li YQ, Chen XY, Lv NH, Chen YX, Lv B (2018) J Dig Dis 19(4):182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P (1996) Am J Surg Pathol 20(10):1161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bujang MA, Adnan TH (2016) Requirements for minimum sample size for sensitivity and specificity analysis. J Clin Diagn Res 10(10):YE01–YE06. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/18129.8744

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Jones NL, Koletzko S, Goodman K, Bontems P, Cadranel S, Casswall T, Czinn S Gold BD, Guarner J, Elitsur Y, Homan M, Kalach N, Kori M, Madrazo A, Megraud F, Papadopoulou A, Rowland M (2017) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64(6)

  32. Kato S, Shimizu T, Toyoda S, Gold BD, Ida S, Ishige T, Fujimura S, Kamiya S, Konno M, Kuwabara K, Ushijima K, Yoshimura N, Nakayama Y (2020) Pediatr Int 62(12):1315

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Shah SC, Iyer PG, Moss SF (2021) Gastroenterol 160(5):1831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Elitsur Y, Raghuverra A, Sadat T, Vaid P (2000) J Clin Gastroenterol 30(3):286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Akcam M, Artan R, Gelen T, Yilmaz A, Eren E, Uygun V, Cig H (2007) Pediatr Int 49(2):220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Nishikawa I, Kato J, Terasoma S, Matsutani H, Tamaki H, Tamaki T, Kuwashima F, Nakata H, Tomeki T, Matsunaka H, Ibata Y, Yamashita Y, Maekita T, Higashi K, Ichinose M (2018) JGH Open An Open Access J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(3):80

    Google Scholar 

  37. Rafeey M, Jafari Rouhi AH, Gassemi BA, Rouhi AJ (2004) Relationship between endoscopic nodular gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Indian J Gastroenterol 23(4):138–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lee JM, Breslin NP, Fallon C, O’Morain CA (2000) Am J Gastroenterol 95(5):1166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the patients and their families who participated in this study and the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University staff who assisted with data collection.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China

    Hailin Wu, Ying Zhou & Ying Huang

Authors
  1. Hailin Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ying Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ying Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ying Zhou or Ying Huang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 390 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wu, H., Zhou, Y. & Huang, Y. Accuracy of gastric nodule combined with rapid urease test prediction in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 43, 481–487 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-023-04711-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-023-04711-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation