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Smoking increases oral HPV persistence among men: 7-year follow-up study

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Abstract

Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is the key event in the progression of HPV lesions, and more data are urgently needed on asymptomatic oral HPV infections in men. Asymptomatic fathers-to-be (n = 131, mean age 28.9 years) were enrolled in the cohort, sampled by serial oral scrapings at baseline and at 2-month, 6-month, 12-month, 24-month, 36-month, and 7-year follow-up visits to accomplish persistent and cleared HPV infections. HPV genotyping was performed using nested PCR and Multimetrix® assay. Covariates of persistent and cleared oral HPV infections were analysed using generalised estimating equation (GEE) and Poisson regression. Altogether, 17 HPV genotypes were detected in male oral mucosa point prevalence, varying from 15.1 % to 31.1 %. Genotype-specific HPV persistence was detected in 18/129 men the mean persistence time ranging from 6.0 to 30.7 months. History of genital warts decreased (p = 0.0001; OR = 0.41, 95 % CI 0.33−0.51) and smoking increased (p = 0.033, OR = 1.92, 95 % CI 1.05−3.50) the risk of persistent species 7/9 HPV infections. Of the 74 HPV-positive men, 71.6 % cleared their infection actuarial and crude clearance times, varying between 1.4 and 79.6 months. No independent predictors were identified for species 7/9 clearance. At the last follow-up-visit, 50.1 % of the fathers had oral mucosal changes, correlating only with smoking (p = 0.046). To conclude, most of the persisting oral infections in males were caused by HPV16. Smoking increased while previous genital warts decreased oral HR-HPV persistence. No predictors of HR-HPV clearance were disclosed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Marjut Rintala, Dr. Virpi Rantanen and midwife Elisa Hovimäki for the enrolment and follow-up of the study. The skilful technical assistance of Mrs. Tatjana Peskova, Mariia Henttinen and Keitlin Adel is gratefully acknowledged.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland

    K. Kero & S. Grenman

  2. MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    J. Rautava, J. Willberg & S. Syrjänen

  3. Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

    J. Rautava, J. Willberg & S. Syrjänen

  4. Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

    K. Syrjänen

  5. Teaching and Research Institute, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos-SP, Brazil

    K. Syrjänen

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  1. K. Kero
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  2. J. Rautava
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  3. K. Syrjänen
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  4. J. Willberg
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  5. S. Grenman
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  6. S. Syrjänen
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Correspondence to K. Kero.

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Kero, K., Rautava, J., Syrjänen, K. et al. Smoking increases oral HPV persistence among men: 7-year follow-up study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33, 123–133 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-1938-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-1938-1

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