Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Hydrogeological assessment and estimation of groundwater inflow into the water transmission tunnel to Urmia Lake, Northwestern Iran

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study evaluated the hydrogeological status of the route for the water transmission tunnel from the Kanisib Dam to the Urmia Lake (UL) in northwestern Iran. The volume of water inflow into the tunnel was additionally predicted by the analytical, empirical, and numerical methods. The data used in this study were collected from geophysical analysis, borehole drilling, pressure changes at different depths of aquifers using composite piezometers, Lefranc permeability test, and pumping test. Based on the distribution of permeability, this route is divided into ten hydrogeological zones. Accordingly, the highest amount of water inflow into the tunnel is expected to occur in the middle sections of the tunnel route. The water inflow calculated by analytical, experimental, and numerical methods in this zone are about 20, 8, and 38 L/s per 12-m length of the Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) shield, respectively. The results show that zones 4, 5, and 6 have more potential in terms of water entering the tunnel. They can be considered critical hydrogeological zones that require more technical and control considerations to prevent water leakage into the tunnel area and reduction in drilling speed or possible damage to equipment. The measured water inflow rate in the drilled zones showed that the numerical and analytical calculations have good accuracy in estimating the water inflow rate into the tunnel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Aghanabati A (2004) Geology of Iran, Geological Survey of Iran. 640 p

  • Alp M, Apaydin A (2019) Assessment of the factors affecting the advance rate of the Tunnel Gerede, the longest and one of the most problematic water transmission tunnels of Turkey. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 89:157–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Berndtsson R (2020) Fluoride occurrence and human health risk from groundwater use at the west coast of Urmia Lake. Iran Arab J Geosci 13:921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05905-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Nakagawa K (2021) Using a linear discriminant analysis (LDA)-based nomenclature system and self-organizing maps (SOM) for spatiotemporal assessment of groundwater quality in a coastal aquifer. J Hydrol 603:127082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Nakhaei M, Lak R (2017) Using radon-222 and radium-226 isotopes to deduce the functioning of a coastal aquifer adjacent to a hypersaline lake in NW Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 147:128–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.07.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Nakhaei M, Lak R, Kholghi M (2016a) Assessment of seasonal groundwater quality and potential saltwater intrusion: a study case in Urmia coastal aquifer (NW Iran) using the groundwater quality index (GQI) and hydrochemical facies evolution diagram (HFE-D). Stoch Env Res Risk A 30:1473–1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-015-1108-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Nakhaei M, Lak R, Kholghi M (2016b) Geophysical, isotopic, and hydrogeochemical tools to identify potential impacts on coastal groundwater resources from Urmia hypersaline Lake, NW Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:16738–16760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6859-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Nakhaei M, Lak R, Kholghi M (2016c) Investigating the salinization and freshening processes of coastal groundwater resources in Urmia aquifer. NW Iran Environ Monit Assess 188:233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5231-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Bhattacharya P, Nakhaei M (2021a) The hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater resources and their suitability for agricultural and industrial uses in an arid area of Iran. Groundw Sustain Dev 12:100527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Lak R, Li P (2021b) An integrated statistical-graphical approach for the appraisal of the natural background levels of some major ions and potentially toxic elements in the groundwater of Urmia aquifer. Iran Environ Earth Sci 80:432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09733-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiri V, Li P, Bhattacharya P, Nakhaei M (2021c) Mercury pollution in the coastal Urmia aquifer in northwestern Iran: potential sources, mobility, and toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(14):17546–17562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11865-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MP, Woessner WW (1992) Applied groundwater modeling-simulation of flow and advective transport. Academic Press Inc, San Diego, CA, p 381

    Google Scholar 

  • Arkian F, Nicholson SE, Ziaie B (2018) Meteorological factors affecting the sudden decline in Lake Urmia’s water level. Theor Appl Climatol 131(1–2):641–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1992-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cesano D, Bagtzoglou AC, Olofsson B (2003) Quantifying fractured rock hydraulic heterogeneity and groundwater inflow prediction in underground excavations: the heterogeneity index. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 18:19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00098-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhari S, Felfelani F, Shin S, Pokhrel Y (2018) Climate and anthropogenic contributions to the desiccation of the second largest saline lake in the twentieth century. J Hydrol 560:342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.03.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coli N, Pranzini G, Alfi A, Boerio V (2008) Evaluation of rock-mass permeability tensor and prediction of tunnel inflows by means of geostructural surveys and finite element seepage analysis. Eng Geol 101:174–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danesh-Yazdi M, Ataie-Ashtiani B (2019) Lake Urmia crisis and restoration plan: planning without appropriate data and model is gambling. J Hydrol 576:639–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delju AH, Ceylan A, Piguet E, Rebetez M (2013) Observed climate variability and change in Urmia Lake Basin. Iran Theor Appl Climatol 111:285–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0651-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty DE, Babu DK (1984) Flow to a partially penetrating well in a double-porosity reservoir. Water Resour Res 20(8):1116–1122. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i008p01116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Tani M (1999) Water inflow into tunnels. In: Proceedings of the world tunnel congress ITA-AITES. Balkema: Oslo; 61–70

  • El Tani M (2003) Circular tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer. Tunn Undergr Sp 18:19–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00102-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FACE (Faraz Ab Consulting Engineers) (2007) Drilling log, grouting, and field tests of BH series boreholes

  • Farhadian H, Aalianvari A, Katibeh H (2012) Optimization of analytical equations of groundwater seepage into tunnels, a case study of Amirkabir tunnel. J Geol Soc India 80:96–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-012-0122-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farhadian H, Katibeh H (2017) New empirical model to evaluate groundwater flow into circular tunnel using multiple regression analysis. Int J Min Sci Technol 27:415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2017.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez G, Moon J (2010) Excavation-induced hydraulic conductivity reduction around a tunnel – part 2: verification of proposed method using numerical modeling. Tunn Undergr Sp 25:567–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2010.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeze RA, Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, Vol. 7632, 604

  • Garousi V, Najafi A, Samadi A, Rasouli K, Khanaliloo B (2013) Environmental crisis in Lake Urmia, Iran: a systematic review of causes, negative consequences and possible solutions. Proceedings of the 6th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment (IPWE) Izmir, Turkey. https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.1.4737.0088

  • Goodman R, Moye D, Schalkwyk A, Javendel I (1965) Groundwater inflow during tunnel driving. Eng Geol 1:150–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassanzadeh E, Zarghami M, Hassanzadeh Y (2012) Determining the main factors in declining the Urmia Lake level by using system dynamics modeling. Water Resour Manag 26:129–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9909-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer RE (1995) Estimating rock-tunnel water inflow, Proceeding of the Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference, pp. 18–21

  • ICE (Imensazan Consulting Engineers) (2010) Geophysical study of part II of water transmission project from Kaniyasib river to Urmia Lake. Report NO. IMN-10066-SUGE-OR-GP-TR-016–00

  • ICE (Imensazan Consulting Engineers) (2011) Geotechnical study of part I and proposed supplementary geotechnical studies of water transmission project from Kanisib river to Urmia Lake. Report NO. IMN-10066-UNST-OR-GI-TR-024–00

  • ICE (Imensazan Consulting Engineers) (2013a) Data collection report from springs and boreholes in the tunnel route. Water transmission project from Kaniyasib river to Urmia Lake. Report NO. GL-CC-GN-HG-MR-1050–00

  • ICE (Imensazan Consulting Engineers) (2013b) Engineering geology study of part II of water transmission project from Kaniyasib river to Urmia Lake. Report NO. IMN-GL-CC-XD-EG-TR-132–01

  • ICE (Imensazan Consulting Engineers) (2013c) General geological study of part II of transferring water from Kanisib River to Urmia Lake. Report NO. GL-CC-XD-GG-TR-100–01

  • Javadzadeh H, Ataie-Ashtiani B, Hosseini SM, Simmons CT (2020) Interaction of lake-groundwater levels using cross-correlation analysis: a case study of Lake Urmia Basin. Iran Sci Total Environ 729:138822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jurado A, De Gaspari F, Vilarrasa V, Bolster D, Sánchez-Vila X, Fernàndez-Garcia D, Tartakovsky DM (2012) Probabilistic analysis of groundwater-related risks at subsurface excavation sites. Eng Geol 125:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.07.001

  • Karlsrud K (2001) Control of water leakage when tunneling under urban areas in the Oslo region. Norwegian Tunnelling Society (NFF). 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khazaei B, Khatami S, Alemohammad SH, Rashidi L, Wu C, Madani K, Kalantari Z, Destouni G, Aghakouchak A (2019) Climatic or regionally induced by humans? Tracing hydro-climatic and land-use changes to better understand the Lake Urmia tragedy. J Hydrol 569:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei S (1999) An analytical solution for steady flow into a tunnel. Groundwater 37:23–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00953.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Chen H, Li J, Sun D (2021) A semi-analytical solution to steady-state groundwater inflow into a circular tunnel considering anisotropic permeability. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 116:104115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Qian H (2013) Global curve-fitting for determining the hydrogeological parameters of leaky confined aquifers by transient flow pumping test. Arab J Geosci 6(8):2745–2753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0567-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Qian H, Wu J, Liu H, Lyu X, Zhang H (2014) Determining the optimal pumping duration of transient pumping tests for estimating hydraulic properties of leaky aquifers using global curve-fitting method: a simulation approach. Environ Earth Sci 71(1):293–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2433-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Wu J, Qian H (2016) Regulation of secondary soil salinization in semi-arid regions: a simulation research in the Nanshantaizi area along the Silk Road, northwest China. Environ Earth Sci 75(8):698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5381-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Zhang D, Zhou Y (2010) Study on prediction methods and its influence factors of water inflow into tunnels. J Beij Jiaot Univ 34(4):11–15

  • Li S, Xu S, Nie L, Liu B, Liu R, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Wang H, Liu H, Guo Q (2018) Assessment of electrical resistivity imaging for pre-tunneling geological characterization – a case study of the Qingdao R3 metro line tunnel. J Appl Geophys 153:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.03.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zhang P, He Z, Huang Z, Cheng M, Guo L (2017) Identification of geological structure which induced heavy water and mud inrush in tunnel excavation: a case study on Lingjiao tunnel. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 69:203–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.06.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Xu G, Huang W, Hu Sh, Hu M (2012) The effect of grouting reinforcement on groundwater seepage in deep tunnels. Blucher Mech Eng Proc 1(1):4727–4737. https://doi.org/10.5151/meceng-wccm2012-20079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X-X, Shen S-L, Xu Y-S, Yin Z-Y (2017) Analytical approach for time-dependent groundwater inflow into shield tunnel face in confined aquifer. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loew S (2002) Groundwater hydraulics and environmental impacts of tunnel in crystalline rocks. Proceedings 9th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment

  • Lombardi G (2002) Quoted from El Tani M (2003) Circular tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 18:49–55

  • Moon J, Fernandez G (2010) Effect of excavation-induced groundwater level drawdown on tunnel inflow in a jointed rock mass. Eng Geol 110:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon J, Jeong S (2011) Effect of highly pervious geological features on ground-water flow into a tunnel. Eng Geol 117:207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.10.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muskat M (1937) The flow of homogeneous fluids through porous media, 763 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York

  • Park K, Owatsiriwong A, Lee JG (2008) Analytical solution for steady-state groundwater inflow into a drained circular tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer: a revisit. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 23:206–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2007.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polubarinova-Koch PI (1962) Theory of ground water movement. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, p 634

    Google Scholar 

  • Pujades E, Vazquez-Sune E, Culi L, Carrere J, Ledesma A, Jurado A (2015) Hydrogeological impact assessment by tunnelling at sites of high sensitivity. Eng Geol 193:421–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.05.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin S, Ma Z, Jiang C, Lin J, Bai M, Lin T, Yi X, Shang X (2019) Application of magnetic resonance sounding to tunnels for advanced detection of water-related disasters: a case study in the Dadushan Tunnel, Guizhou, China. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 84:364–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasouli Maleki M (2018) Groundwater Seepage Rate (GSR); a new method for prediction of groundwater inflow into jointed rock tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 71:505–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.10.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymer JH (2001) Predicting groundwater inflow into hard-rock tunnels: estimating the high-end of the permeability distribution. In: Proceedings of the rapid excavation and tunneling conference. Society for Mining, metallurgy and exploration, Inc

  • Schleiss AJ (1988) Design of reinforced concrete-lined pressure tunnels. Tunnels and Water: Proceedings of the International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Madrid, Vol. 2, pp. 1127–1133. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema

  • Schulz S, Darehshouri S, Hassanzadeh E, Tajrishy M, Schüth C (2020) Climate change or irrigated agriculture-what drives the water level decline of Lake Urmia. Sci Rep 10(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57150-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbazi A, Chesnaux R, Saeidi A (2021) new combined analytical-numerical method for evaluating the inflow rate into a tunnel excavated in a fractured rock mass. Eng Geol 283:106003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shamma J, Tempelis D, Duke S, Fordham E, Freeman T (2003) Arrowhead tunnels: assigning groundwater control measures in a fractured hard rock medium. Rapid Excavation Tunnelling Conference, Proceedings, pp. 296–305

  • Sheibani S, Ataie-Ashtiani B, Safaie A, Simmons CT (2020) Influence of lakebed sediment deposit on the interaction of hypersaline lake and groundwater: a simplified case of lake Urmia. Iran J Hydrol 588:125110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi L, Zhang B, Wang HX, Zhang HJ, Peng ZH, Li JY (2019) Investigation on the causes of abnormal increase of water inflow in underground water-sealed storage system. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 87:174–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.02.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin JH, Kim SH, Shin YS (2012) Long-term mechanical and hydraulic interaction and leakage evaluation of segmented tunnels. Soils Found 52(1):38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sima S, Rosenberg DE, Wurtsbaugh WA, Null SE, Kettenring KM (2020) Restoring a saline lake to a range of water levels with noisy data and diverse objectives. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cee_facpub/3757

  • Snow DT (1969) Anisotropic permeability of fractured media. Water Resour Res 5:1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR005i006p01273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohrabi N, Chitsazan M, Amiri V, Moradi-Nezhad T (2013) Evaluation of groundwater resources in alluvial aquifer based on MODFLOW program, case study: Evan plain (Iran). Int J Agri Crop Sci 5(11):1164–1170

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohrabi N, Kalantari N, Amiri V (2018) An evaluation of the distribution and behavior of uranium in Urmia aquifer. Iran- Water Resour Res 14(3):236–252. (In Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohrabi N, Kalantari N, Amiri V, Nakhaei M (2017) Assessing the chemical behavior and spatial distribution of yttrium and rare earth elements (YREEs) in a coastal aquifer adjacent to the Urmia Hypersaline Lake, NW Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24(25):20502–20520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9644-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohrabi N, Kalantari N, Amiri V, Saha N, Berndtsson R, Bhattacharya P, Ahmad A (2021) A probabilistic-deterministic analysis of human health risk related to the exposure to potentially toxic elements in groundwater of Urmia coastal aquifer (NW of Iran) with a special focus on arsenic speciation and temporal variation. Stoch Env Res Risk 35:1509–1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01934-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz K, Moreno J (1996) A practical guide to groundwater and solute transport modeling. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang Y, Chan DH, Zhu DZ (2018) Analytical solution for steady-state groundwater inflow into a circular tunnel in anisotropic soils. J Eng Mech 144(9):06018003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theis CV (1935) The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using groundwater storage. Am Geophys Union Trans 16:519–524. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR016i002p00519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd DK, Mays L (2005) Ground water hydrology. John Wily & Sons, Inc. 636 P

  • ULRP (Urmia Lake Restoration Program) (2018) Urmia lake: lessons and challenges. https://www.ulrp.ir/en/challenges-of-urmia-lake-and-restoration-program-2/

  • Vaheddoost B, Askoy H (2018) Interaction of groundwater with Lake Urmia in Iran. Hydrol Process 32(21):3283–3295. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valiallahi J (2019) Evaluating groundwater level and water-quality variation in Oshnaveh-Naqadeh Plain, Urmia Lake basin, northwestern Iran. Int J Energy Water Resour 4:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-019-00048-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang F (2009) Assessment of tunnel inflow and its impact on adjacent hydrological environment under tunnel construction. Ph.D. thesis, Resource engineering department, National Cheng- Kung University, Taiwan, 210 P

  • Zhang K, Xue Y, Xu Z, Su M, Qiu D, Li Z (2021) Numerical study of water inflow into tunnels in stratified rock masses with a dual permeability model. Environ Earth Sci 80(7):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09550-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Franklin JA (1993) Prediction of water flow into rock tunnels and analytical solution assuming a hydraulic conductivity gradient. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 30:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90174-C

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang N, Shen JS, Zhou A, Arulrajah A (2018) Tunneling induced geohazards in mylonitic rock faults with rich groundwater: a case study in Guangzhou. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 74:262–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Zhang D, Fang Q, Xiong L, Yu L, Zhou M (2020) Analytical solutions of non-Darcy seepage of grouted subsea tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 96:103182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J-Q, Liu H-B, Li C, He X-L, Tang H, Zhao X-J (2021) A semi-empirical model for water inflow into a tunnel in fractured-rock aquifers considering non-Darcian flow. J Hydrol 597:126149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126149

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Financial support for the research presented in this paper was granted by the Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

    Vahab Amiri

  2. Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

    Mohsen Asgari-Nejad

Authors
  1. Vahab Amiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohsen Asgari-Nejad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vahab Amiri.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 8274 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Amiri, V., Asgari-Nejad, M. Hydrogeological assessment and estimation of groundwater inflow into the water transmission tunnel to Urmia Lake, Northwestern Iran. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02612-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02612-3

Keywords