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Groundwater and the discourse of shortage in Sub-Saharan Africa

Les eaux souterraines et le discours de pénurie en Afrique subsaharienne

Las aguas subterráneas y el discurso de la escasez en el África subsahariana

非洲撒哈拉以南地区的地下水和短缺论评

As águas subterrâneas e o discurso da escassez na África Subsaariana

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Abstract

The perception of a global crisis of groundwater over-abstraction and pollution is assumed to include Sub-Saharan Africa, a region where groundwater resources are on average greatly under-utilized. This perception of crisis contributes to a “discourse of shortage” which in turn has led to a neglect of the potential role of groundwater to support irrigation, water security and economic growth and is underpinned by beliefs about the availability of the resource itself. However, examples from southern Africa suggest that it is the absence of the services needed to support groundwater development (including energy, drilling and pumping equipment, hard and soft infrastructure, physical access, finance and credit, and institutional support) that are the real constraint. These are likely to be more important than average hydrogeological potential in determining the viability of groundwater supplies, and examples suggest that when these factors are in place, higher-yielding sources tend to be found and developed. Rather than consider the interlinkages between these elements, a discourse of shortage in Sub-Saharan Africa appears to take precedence. Sub-genres including the village-level discourse, the transboundary discourse, and the sustainability discourse are also identified, and these are likely to reinforce the idea of shortage. The policy impact of these more dominant narratives may retard progress towards a much-needed structural change in economic activity enabled by increased agricultural production, resilience and water security.

Résumé

La perception d’une crise globale de surexploitation des eaux souterraines et de leur pollution touche probablement l’Afrique subsaharienne, une région où les ressources en eaux souterraines sont en moyenne considérablement sous-utilisées. Cette perception de la crise contribue à un “discours de pénurie” qui, à son tour, a conduit à négliger le rôle potentiel des eaux souterraines pour soutenir l’irrigation, la sécurité de l’eau et la croissance économique, et est étayée par des croyances quant à la disponibilité de la ressource elle-même. Cependant, les exemples d’Afrique australe suggèrent que c’est l’absence des services requis pour soutenir l’exploitation des eaux souterraines (incluant l’énergie, les forages et équipement de pompage, les infrastructures matérielles et non matérielles, l’accès physique, les finances et le crédit, ainsi que l’appui institutionnel) qui sont la vraie contrainte. Celles-ci sont probablement plus importantes que le potentiel hydrogéologique moyen pour déterminer la viabilité des approvisionnements en eaux souterraines, et des exemples suggèrent que lorsque ces facteurs sont en place, des sources à haut rendement ont tendance à être trouvées et exploitées. Plutôt que de considérer les liens entre ces éléments, un discours sur la pénurie en Afrique subsaharienne semble prévaloir. Des sous-genres, notamment le discours au niveau du village, le discours transfrontalier et le discours sur la durabilité, sont également identifiés, et ceux-ci sont susceptibles de renforcer l’idée de pénurie. L’impact politique de ces discours majoritaires dominants peut retarder les progrès vers un changement structurel bien nécessaire de l’activité économique, rendu possible par une augmentation de la production agricole, de la résilience et de la sécurité de l’eau.

Resumen

Se supone que la percepción de una crisis mundial de sobreexplotación y contaminación de las aguas subterráneas incluye al África subsahariana, región en la que los recursos de aguas subterráneas están, en promedio, muy infrautilizados. Esta percepción de crisis contribuye a un “discurso de escasez” que, a su vez, ha llevado a descuidar el papel potencial de las aguas subterráneas para apoyar el riego, la seguridad del agua y el crecimiento económico, y se sustenta en creencias sobre la disponibilidad del propio recurso. Sin embargo, los ejemplos del África meridional sugieren que la verdadera limitación es la ausencia de los servicios necesarios para apoyar el desarrollo de las aguas subterráneas (incluida la energía, el equipo de perforación y bombeo, la infraestructura física y la infraestructura blanda, el acceso físico, la financiación y el crédito, y el apoyo institucional). Es probable que éstos sean más importantes que el potencial hidrogeológico medio para determinar la viabilidad de los suministros de aguas subterráneas, y los ejemplos sugieren que cuando se dan estos factores, se tiende a encontrar y desarrollar fuentes de mayor rendimiento. En lugar de considerar las interrelaciones entre estos elementos, parece prevalecer un discurso de escasez en el África subsahariana. También se identifican subgéneros como el discurso a nivel de aldea, el discurso transfronterizo y el discurso de la sostenibilidad, y es probable que éstos refuercen la idea de escasez. Los efectos de política de estas narrativas más dominantes pueden retrasar el progreso hacia un cambio estructural muy necesario en la actividad económica, posibilitado por el aumento de la producción agrícola, la capacidad de recuperación y la seguridad del agua.

摘要

地下水过度开采和污染的全球性危机认识,假定已包括了非洲撒哈拉以南地区,该地区的地下水资源基本上开发率极低。这种对危机的认识导致了“短缺论评”,从而导致人们忽视了地下水在支持灌溉,水安全和经济增长方面的潜在作用,并以对资源本身可利用性的认识为基础。但是,来自非洲南部的例子表明,真正制约因素是缺乏支持地下水开发所需的服务(包括能源,钻井和抽水设备,硬,软基础设施,运输通道,资金和信贷以及机构支持)。在确定地下供水的可行性方面,这些因素可能比平均水文地质潜力更为重要,实例表明,这些问题如果解决后,会促使发现和开发出高产水源。非洲撒哈拉以南关于短缺论述似乎没有优先被考虑,而不是考虑这些因素之间的相互联系。还确定了包括村级评论,跨界评论和可持续性评论在内的子类型,这些子类可能会强化“短缺”的概念。这些更具支配性的评论对政策的影响可能会阻碍通过提高农业生产,抵御力和水安全来进行经济活动急需的结构改变的进行。

Resumo

Presume-se que a percepção de uma crise global de superexploração e poluição das águas subterrâneas inclua a África Subsaariana, uma região onde os recursos hídricos subterrâneos são, em média, muito subutilizados. Essa percepção de crise contribui para um “discurso sobre escassez” que, por sua vez, levou à negligência do papel potencial das águas subterrâneas no apoio à irrigação, segurança hídrica e crescimento econômico e é sustentado por crenças sobre a disponibilidade do recurso em si. Contudo, exemplos da África Austral sugerem que é a ausência dos serviços necessários para apoiar o desenvolvimento das águas subterrâneas (incluindo energia, equipamento de perfuração e bombeamento, infraestruturas pesadas e leves, acesso físico, financiamento e crédito e apoio institucional) que são a verdadeira restrição. É provável tais serviços sejam mais importantes do que o potencial hidrogeológico médio na determinação da viabilidade do abastecimento de água subterrânea, e exemplos sugerem que, quando esses fatores estão presentes, fontes de maior rendimento tendem a ser encontradas e desenvolvidas. Em vez de considerar as interligações entre esses elementos, o discurso de escassez na África Subsaariana parece ter precedência. Subgêneros, incluindo o discurso no nível da vila, o transfronteiriço e o da sustentabilidade também são identificados, e provavelmente reforçam a ideia de escassez. O impacto político das narrativas dominantes pode retardar o progresso em direção a uma mudança estrutural necessária na atividade econômica, possibilitada pelo aumento da produção agrícola, resiliência e segurança hídrica.

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Acknowledgements

Thank you to Cleo Rose-Innes for reviewing earlier drafts of this paper, to Brad Hiller for discussions on African hydrology, to Benedict Cobbing for GIS data analysis, and to the reviewers of this manuscript.

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Cobbing, J. Groundwater and the discourse of shortage in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hydrogeol J 28, 1143–1154 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02147-5

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