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Groundwater pollution: a discussion about vulnerability, hazard and risk assessment

Pollution des eaux souterraines: discussion sur l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité, des hasards et des risques

Contaminación del agua subterránea: una discusión sobre la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad, peligro y riesgo

地下水污染:关于脆弱性、危害及风险评价的探讨

Poluição de águas subterrâneas: uma discussão sobre vulnerabilidade, perigos e avaliação de riscos

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Abstract

Three main stages in the development of groundwater pollution assessment since the 1970s are described. The first steps involved aquifer vulnerability assessment. In the second stage (from the late 1980s), three methodological approaches to risk assessment were developed. The latest stage (from the 1990s) has involved new technologies and approaches. At present, all three stages coexist, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Experience highlights the need to account for the social vulnerability in risk assessment, particularly with respect to large cities in developing countries. Assessing groundwater pollution risk through an integrated approach appears to be the greatest challenge.

Résumé

Trois étapes principales dans le développement de l’évaluation de la pollution des eaux souterraines depuis les années 1970 sont décrites. Les premières étapes ont consisté en une évaluation de la vulnérabilité des aquifères. Au cours de la deuxième étape (à partir de la fin des années 1980), trois approches méthodologiques de l’évaluation des risques ont été développées. La dernière étape (depuis les années 90) a impliqué de nouvelles technologies et approches. À l’heure actuelle, les trois étapes coexistent et leurs avantages et inconvénients sont discutés. L’expérience montre qu’il faut tenir compte de la vulnérabilité sociale dans l’évaluation des risques, en particulier dans les grandes villes des pays en développement. L’évaluation du risque de pollution des eaux souterraines par une approche intégrée semble être le plus grand défi.

Resumen

En este ensayo se describe en tres etapas principales el desarrollo, desde el año 1970, de las metodologías de evaluación de la contaminación del agua subterránea. La primera etapa hace referencia a la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del acuífero. En la segunda etapa (desde 1980), se desarrollan tres metodologías sobre la evaluación del riesgo. En la última etapa (desde 1990) se incluye a las nuevas tecnologías y enfoques. Hoy en día, estas tres etapas coexisten y sus ventajas y desventajas son discutidas en este trabajo. La experiencia resalta la necesidad de incluir a la vulnerabilidad social en la evaluación del riesgo, particularmente en las grandes ciudades de los países en vías de desarrollo. Por último, evaluar el riesgo de contaminación del agua subterránea a través de un enfoque integrado se presenta como el desafío más importante.

摘要

介绍了20世纪70年代以来地下水污染评价的三个主要阶段。第一阶段考虑了含水层脆弱性评价。在第二阶段(1980年代后期), 形成了三种风险评价方法。第三阶段(20世纪90年代起)发展了新的技术和方法。目前, 这三个阶段并存, 同时讨论了各自的优缺点。经验表明在进行地下水风险评价时需要考虑社会脆弱性, 特别是在发展中国家的大城市。通过综合方法进行地下水污染风险评价似乎已成为一个最大的挑战。

Resumo

Três etapas principais no desenvolvimento da avaliação da poluição das águas subterrâneas desde a década de 1970 são descritas. Os primeiros passos envolveram a avaliação da vulnerabilidade do aquífero. Na segunda etapa (a partir do final da década de 1980), três abordagens metodológicas para avaliação de riscos foram desenvolvidas. A última etapa (década de 1990) envolveu novas tecnologias e abordagens. Atualmente, todos os três estágios coexistem e suas vantagens e desvantagens são discutidas. A experiência destaca a necessidade de explicar a vulnerabilidade social na avaliação de riscos, particularmente no que diz respeito às grandes cidades dos países em desenvolvimento. Avaliar o risco de poluição das águas subterrâneas por meio de uma abordagem integrada parece ser o maior desafio.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Husam Baalousha, Samed Afifi and an anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful and helpful comments, which allowed us to improve the contents of this essay.

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Correspondence to Agustina Barilari.

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Massone, H.E., Barilari, A. Groundwater pollution: a discussion about vulnerability, hazard and risk assessment. Hydrogeol J 28, 463–466 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02090-0

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