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Groundwater mixing and mineralization processes in a mountain–oasis–desert basin, northwest China: hydrogeochemistry and environmental tracer indicators

Processus de mélange et de minéralisation des eaux souterraines dans un bassin désertique montagneux avec des oasis, dans le nord-ouest de la Chine: hydrogéochimie et indicateurs de traceurs environnementaux

Procesos de mezcla y mineralización del agua subterránea en una cuenca de montaña en un oasis del desierto, noroeste de China: indicadores hidrogeoquímicos y de trazadores ambientales

中国西北山地-绿洲-沙漠盆地地下水混合及矿化特征:水文地球化学及环境示踪剂指示

Misturas de águas subterrâneas e processos de mineralização em bacia de montanha-oásis-deserto, no noroeste da China: hidrogeoquímica e indicadores de traçadores ambientais

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Abstract

Hydrogeochemistry and environmental tracers (2H, 18O, 87Sr/86Sr) in precipitation, river and reservoir water, and groundwater have been used to determine groundwater recharge sources, and to identify mixing characteristics and mineralization processes in the Manas River Basin (MRB), which is a typical mountain–oasis–desert ecosystem in arid northwest China. The oasis component is artificial (irrigation). Groundwater with enriched stable isotope content originates from local precipitation and surface-water leakage in the piedmont alluvial–oasis plain. Groundwater with more depleted isotopes in the north oasis plain and desert is recharged by lateral flow from the adjacent mountains, for which recharge is associated with high altitude and/or paleo-water infiltrating during a period of much colder climate. Little evaporation and isotope exchange between groundwater and rock and soil minerals occurred in the mountain, piedmont and oasis plain. Groundwater δ2H and δ18O values show more homogeneous values along the groundwater flow direction and with well depths, indicating inter-aquifer mixing processes. A regional contrast of groundwater allows the 87Sr/86Sr ratios and δ18O values to be useful in a combination with Cl, Na, Mg, Ca and Sr concentrations to distinguish the groundwater mixing characteristics. Two main processes are identified: groundwater lateral-flow mixing and river leakage in the piedmont alluvial–oasis plain, and vertical mixing in the north oasis plain and the desert. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios and selected ion ratios reveal that carbonate dissolution and mixing with silicate from the southern mountain area are primarily controlling the strontium isotope hydrogeochemistry.

Résumé

L’hydrogéochimie et les traceurs environnementaux (2H, 18O, 87Sr/86Sr) dans les précipitations, l’eau des rivières et de réservoirs, et des eaux souterraines ont été utilisés pour déterminer l’origine de la recharge des eaux souterraines, et pour identifier les caractéristiques des mélanges et des processus de minéralisation dans le bassin de la rivière de Manas (MRB), qui est. un écosystème typique désertique et montagneux avec oasis dans le nord-ouest aride de la Chine. La composante oasis est. artificielle (irrigation). Les eaux souterraines avec un contenu enrichi en isotope stable proviennent des précipitations locales et des infiltrations d’eau de surface dans la plaine alluviale et d’oasis de piémont. Les eaux souterraines avec des isotopes plus appauvris dans la plaine d’oasis du nord et du désert sont rechargées par des écoulements latéraux des montagnes adjacentes, pour lesquelles la recharge est. associée à des infiltrations d’haute altitude et/ou d’eaux anciennes d’une période de climat plus froid. La faible évaporation et l’échange isotopique entre les eaux souterraines et les minéraux des roches et des sols prennent place dans la montagne, le piémont et la plaine d’oasis. Les valeurs du δ2H et du δ18O présentent des valeurs plus homogènes en fonction des directions d’écoulement d’eau souterraine et des profondeurs des puits, indiquant des processus de mélanges entre aquifères. A cause de l’existence d’un contraste régionale des eaux souterraines, les rapports de 87Sr/86Sr et les valeurs de δ18O sont utiles en les combinant avec les concentrations de Cl, Na, Mg, Ca et Sr pour distinguer les caractéristiques de mélange des eaux souterraines. Deux processus principaux sont identifiés: le mélange de flux latéral des eaux souterraines dans la plaine alluviale et d’oasis du piémont, et l’infiltration d’eau de rivière et le mélange vertical dans la plaine d’oasis du nord et le désert. Les rapports de 87Sr/86Sr et les rapports d’ions sélectionnés révèlent que la dissolution des carbonates et le mélange avec les silicates à partir de la zone montagneuse du sud contrôlent principalement l’hydrogéochimie des isotopes du strontium.

Resumen

Se han utilizado la hidrogeoquímica y trazadores ambientales (2H, 18O, 87Sr/86Sr) en precipitaciones, aguas de ríos y embalses y aguas subterráneas para determinar las fuentes de recarga del agua subterránea y para identificar las características de la mezcla y los procesos de mineralización en la Cuenca del Río Manas (MRB) Es un típico ecosistema de montaña en un oasis del desierto en el noroeste árido de China. El componente de oasis es artificial (riego). El agua subterránea con contenido de isótopos estables enriquecidos se origina de la precipitación local y de la filtración del agua superficial en la llanura aluvial del piedemonte. El agua subterránea con isótopos más empobrecidos en la llanura y en el oasis de el desierto del norte es recargada por el flujo lateral de las montañas adyacentes, para lo cual la recarga se asocia con la alta altitud y/o el paleo-agua infiltrándose durante un período de clima mucho más frío. La escasa evaporación e intercambio isotópico entre el agua subterránea, la roca y los minerales del suelo ocurrieron en la montaña, en el piedemonte y en el llano del oasis. Los valores de δ2H y δ18O en el agua subterránea son más homogéneos a lo largo de la dirección del flujo de agua subterránea y con las profundidades de los pozos, lo que indica procesos de mezcla entre acuíferos. Un contraste regional del agua subterránea permite que las relaciones 87Sr/86Sr y los valores de δ18O sean útiles en combinación con las concentraciones de Cl, Na, Mg, Ca y Sr para distinguir las características de mezcla del agua subterránea. Se identifican dos procesos principales: mezcla de flujo lateral de agua subterránea en el piedemonte del oasis de la llanura aluvial y la filtración de de ríos y la mezcla vertical en el oasis del desierto de la llanura norte. Las relaciones 87Sr/86Sr y las relaciones de iones seleccionadas revelan que la disolución de carbonatos y la mezcla con silicato del área montañosa del sur controlan principalmente la hidrogeoquímica isotópica del estroncio.

摘要

以中国西北干旱地区的玛纳斯河流域盆地为研究对象,通过系统收集研究区降水、河水、水库水和地下水,利用水文地球化学及环境示踪剂(2H、18O、87Sr/86Sr)揭示了地下水补给来源,识别出地下水的混合特征及矿化过程。文中的绿洲特指人工绿洲(灌溉)。山前冲积-绿洲平原区的地下水氢氧稳定同位素较为富集,为当地降水和地表水的渗漏补给。北部绿洲平原和沙漠区的地下水氢氧稳定同位素贫化,为周边山区侧向径流补给,或者来源于气候更冷时期古大气降水的入渗。山区、山前及绿洲平原区,地下水受蒸发程度较小,地下水与岩土矿物发生同位素交换较弱。地下水的δ2H和δ18O异质性随地下水流向及井深逐渐减小,指示出不同含水层发生了混合。通过综合分析区域尺度地下水中87Sr/86Sr同位素比值、δ18O、Cl、Na、Mg、Ca和Sr含量,识别出两种地下水混合特征:山前冲积-绿洲平原区地下水发生侧向径流混合及河水渗漏补给;北部绿洲平原和沙漠区地下水发生垂向混合。87Sr/86Sr同位素及特定离子比值分析表明,南部山区的碳酸盐溶解及混合了少量硅酸盐溶解,对地下水中的锶同位素及水文地球化学起主要控制作用。

Resumo

A aplicação de hidrogeoquímica e traçadores ambientais (2H, 18O, 87Sr/86Sr) nas águas de precipitação, rios, reservatórios, e águas subterrâneas tem sido utilizada para determinar as recargas das águas subterrâneas, e identificar as características da mistura e processos de mineralização na Bacia do Rio Manas (BRM), que é um típico ecossistema montanha-oásis-deserto no noroeste árido da China. O componente oásis é artificial (irrigação). As águas subterrâneas isotopicamente enriquecidas provém de precipitação local e vazamento de águas superficiais nos oásis das planícies aluviais de piemonte. As águas subterrâneas com mais isótopos depletados na planície norte do oásis e deserto são recarregadas pelo fluxo lateral das montanhas adjacentes, na qual a recarga está associada à infiltração nas altas altitudes e/ou águas antigas durante períodos de clima frio. A baixa evaporação e troca isotópica entre água-rocha e minerais do solo ocorrem nas montanhas, piemonte e planícies do oásis. Valores de δ2H e δ18O das águas subterrâneas mostram-se homogêneos ao longo do fluxo direcional e com a profundidade dos poços, indicando processos de misturas entre aquíferos. Um contraste regional de águas subterrâneas permite que os valores da razão 87Sr/86Sr e δ18O sejam úteis quando combinados com os resultados das concentrações de Cl, Na, Mg, Ca e Sr, para caracterizar e distinguir as misturas das águas subterrâneas. Dois principais processos foram identificados: mistura do fluxo subterrâneo lateral na região das planícies aluviais do oásis do piemonte, e o influência de rios e mistura vertical no norte das planícies do oásis e deserto. As concentrações de 87Sr/86Sr e as razões iônicas mostram que a dissolução dos carbonatos e mistura dos silicatos das áreas montanhosas ao sul controlam, principalmente, a hidrogeoquímica isotópica do estrôncio.

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Acknowledgements

This research was fund by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1403282). The authors would like to thank Dr. Xumei Mao, Dr. Zhenli Zhu, Mr. Yalei Liu and Mr. Jianjun Wang for their sampling and laboratory works. We also wish to thank the editor and reviewers for their constructive and insightful comments on the manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. Menggui Jin

    Present address: School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Bin Ma & Menggui Jin

  2. School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Bin Ma, Xing Liang & Jing Li

  3. Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Xing Liang

Authors
  1. Bin Ma
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  2. Menggui Jin
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  3. Xing Liang
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  4. Jing Li
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Menggui Jin.

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Ma, B., Jin, M., Liang, X. et al. Groundwater mixing and mineralization processes in a mountain–oasis–desert basin, northwest China: hydrogeochemistry and environmental tracer indicators. Hydrogeol J 26, 233–250 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1659-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1659-0

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