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Groundwater recharge in suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam: effect of decreasing surface-water bodies and land-use change

Recharge des eaux souterraines dans des régions suburbaines de Hanoï, Vietnam: effet de la diminution des niveaux des masses d’eaux de surface et des changements d’occupation du sol

Recarga de agua subterránea en zonas suburbanas de Hanoi, Vietnam: efectos de la reducción de cuerpos de agua superficial y del cambio en el uso de la tierra

越南河内郊区地下水补给:逐渐减少的地表水体和土地利用变化造成的影响

Recarga das águas subterrâneas em áreas suburbanas de Hanói, Vietnam: efeito de corpos d’água superficiais decrescentes e mudança no uso da terra

Bổ cập nước ngầm tại khu vực ngoại thành Hà Nội, Việt Nam: ảnh hưởng từ việc suy giảm nguồn nước mặt và sự thay đổi sử dụng đất

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Abstract

Over-exploited groundwater is expected to remain the predominant source of domestic water in suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam. In order to evaluate the effect on groundwater recharge, of decreasing surface-water bodies and land-use change caused by urbanization, the relevant groundwater systems and recharge pathways must be characterized in detail. To this end, water levels and water quality were monitored for 3 years regarding groundwater and adjacent surface-water bodies, at two typical suburban sites in Hanoi. Stable isotope (δ18O, δD of water) analysis and hydrochemical analysis showed that the water from both aquifers and aquitards, including the groundwater obtained from both the monitoring wells and the neighboring household tubewells, was largely derived from evaporation-affected surface-water bodies (e.g., ponds, irrigated farmlands) rather than from rivers. The water-level monitoring results suggested distinct local-scale flow systems for both a Holocene unconfined aquifer (HUA) and Pleistocene confined aquifer (PCA). That is, in the case of the HUA, lateral recharge through the aquifer from neighboring ponds and/or irrigated farmlands appeared to be dominant, rather than recharge by vertical rainwater infiltration. In the case of the PCA, recharge by the above-lying HUA, through areas where the aquitard separating the two aquifers was relatively thin or nonexistent, was suggested. As the decrease in the local surface-water bodies will likely reduce the groundwater recharge, maintaining and enhancing this recharge (through preservation of the surface-water bodies) is considered as essential for the sustainable use of groundwater in the area.

Résumé

On s’attend à ce que les eaux souterraines sur-exploitées demeurrent la source prédominante de l’eau domestique dans des régions suburbaines de Hanoï, Vietnam. Afin d’évaluer l’effet sur la recharge des eaux souterraines, de la diminution des masses d’eau de surface et du changement dans l’utilisation du territoire provoqué par l’urbanisation, les eaux souterraines concernées et les voies de la recharge doivent être caractérisées en détail. À cet effet, les niveaux et la qualité de l’eau ont été observés pendant trois années concernant les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface adjacentes, sur deux sites suburbains typiques à Hanoï. L’analyse des isotopes stables (δ18O, δD de l’eau) et l’analyse hydrochimique ont prouvé que l’eau des aquifères et des aquitards, y compris pour des eaux souterraines obtenues à la fois à partir des puits d’observation et des forages domestiques voisins, dérive en grande partie de l’évaporation affectant des masses d’eau de surface (par ex., étangs, champs irrigués) plutôt que des rivières. Les résultats de l’observation du niveau d’eau suggèrent des systèmes d’écoulement distincts à l’échelle locale à la fois pour l’aquifère à nappe libre d’âge holocène (Holocene unconfined Aquifer - HUA) et l’aquifère pléistocène à nappe captive (Pleistocene Confined Aquifer - PCA). C’est-à-dire, dans le cas de l’HUA, une recharge latérale de la couche aquifère par les étangs voisins et/ou les champs irrigués semble être prépondérante par rapport à une recharge par infiltration verticale de l’eau de pluie. Dans le cas du PCA, une recharge par l’HUA sus-jacent, à travers des secteurs où l’aquitard séparant les deux couches aquifères est relativement mince ou inexistant, est suggérée. Etant donné que la diminution des masses d’eau de surface est susceptible de réduire la recharge des eaux souterraines, le maintien et l’augmentation de cette recharge (par la préservation des masses d’eau de surface) sont considérés comme essentiels pour l’utilisation durable des eaux souterraines dans le secteur.

Resumen

Se espera que la sobreexplotación de agua subterránea continúe siendo la fuente predominante de agua doméstica en las áreas suburbanas de Hanoi, Vietnam. Para evaluar el efecto sobre la recarga del agua subterránea de la reducción de los cuerpos de agua superficial y el cambio de uso de la tierra causado por la urbanización deben caracterizarse en detalle, los sistemas de agua subterránea y las trayectorias de la recarga. Con este fin, en dos típicos sitios suburbanos de Hanoi, los niveles y la calidad del agua se monitorearon durante tres años con respecto al agua subterránea y a los cuerpos de agua superficial adyacentes. El análisis de isótopos estables (δ18O, δD del agua) y el análisis hidroquímico mostraron que el agua de acuíferos y acuitardos, incluyendo el agua subterránea obtenida tanto de los pozos de monitoreo como de los pozos domésticos vecinos, derivó en gran medida de cuerpos de agua de superficie afectados por la evaporación (por ejemplo, lagunas, tierras cultivadas con riego) y más que de los ríos. Los resultados del monitoreo del nivel de agua sugirieron sistemas de flujo de escala local distintos tanto para el acuífero no confinado holoceno (HUA) como para el acuífero confinado del Pleistoceno (PCA). Es decir, en el caso del HUA, la recarga lateral a través del acuífero de las lagunas vecinas y/o de las tierras de cultivo irrigadas parecía ser dominante, en lugar de recargarse mediante la infiltración vertical del agua de lluvia. En el caso del PCA, se sugirió la recarga por el HUA superior, a través de áreas donde el aquitardo que separa los dos acuíferos era relativamente de poco espesor o inexistente. Dado que la disminución de los cuerpos locales de agua superficial probablemente reducirá la recarga del agua subterránes, se considera esencial mantener y mejorar esta recarga (mediante la preservación de los cuerpos de agua de superficie) para el uso sostenible del agua subterránea en la zona.

摘要

已经超采的地下水仍然是越南河内郊区主要的家庭用水水源。为了评价城市化引起的地表水体减少和土地变化对地下水补给的影响,必须要详细描述相关地下水系统和补给通道的特征。为此,在河内两个典型的郊区点针对地下水和毗邻地表水体对水位和水质进行了三年的监测。稳定同位素(水中的(δ18O, δD)分析和水化学分析显示,含水层和弱透水层的水,包括监测井和旁边家庭管井的水主要来源于受蒸发影响的地表水体(例如池塘灌溉的农田),而不是河流。水位监测结果表明,全新世非承压含水层和更新世承压含水层存在着明显的局部尺度的水流系统。这就是说,在全新世非承压含水层水流系统中,从附近池塘及/或灌溉农田得到的、穿过含水层的侧向补给显示占主导,而不是通过垂直降雨入渗的补给占主导。在更新世承压含水层的水流系统中,显示由上覆的全新世非承压含水层通过弱透水层分隔两个含水层的区域的补给非常小或者缺失。随着局部地表水体的减少,将会减少地下水的补给,因此,维持和提高这种补给(通过保持地表水体)是这一区域地下水可持续利用的首要任务。

Resumo

Espera-se que as águas subterrâneas superexploradas continuem a fonte de abastecimento de água doméstico nas áreas suburbanas de Hanói, Vietnam. Para avaliar o efeito na recarga das águas subterrâneas, de corpos d’água superficiais decrescentes e mudança no uso da terra causados pela urbanização, os sistemas de águas subterrâneas relevantes e os caminhos da recarga devem ser caracterizados em detalhe. Para esse fim, níveis e qualidade da água foram monitorados por três anos em relação às águas subterrâneas e corpos d’água superficiais adjacentes, em dois típicos locais suburbanos de Hanói. Análises de isótopos estáveis (δ18O, δD da água) e análises hidroquímicas mostraram que as águas de ambos aquíferos e aquitardos, incluindo as águas subterrâneas obtidas de ambos poços de monitoramento e os poços tubulares nas residências da vizinhança, foi largamente derivada da evaporação que afetou corpos d’água superficiais (p. ex. reservatórios, terras agrícolas irrigadas) preferencialmente aos rios. Os resultados do monitoramento do nível d’água sugere sistemas de fluxo locais distintos para ambos aquíferos livre do Holoceno (ALH) e confinado do Pleistoceno (ACP). Isso é, no caso do ALH, a recarga lateral através do aquífero para reservatórios vizinhos e/ou terras agrícolas irrigadas parece ser dominante, mais que a recarga por infiltração vertical da água da chuva. No caso do ACP, sugere-se recarga pelo ALH assentado acima, por áreas onde o aquitardo separando os dois aquíferos foi relativamente fina ou inexistente. Como o decréscimo dos corpos d’água superficiais locais parece que reduzirá a recarga, manter e aumentar essa recarga (pela preservação dos corpos d’água superficiais) é considerado essencial para o uso sustentável das águas subterrâneas na área.

Tóm tắt

Nguồn nước ngầm đang bị khai thác quá mức vẫn được coi là nguồn nước chủ yếu cho cấp nước sinh hoạt tại các khu vực ngoại thành Hà Nội, Việt Nam. Để đánh giá sự ảnh hưởng của quá trình đô thị hóa đến việc bổ cập nước ngầm, sự suy giảm các nguồn nước mặt và thay đổi cơ cấu sử dụng đất, các hệ thống nước ngầm và các đường bổ cập liên quan cần phải được nghiên cứu đặc tính một cách chi tiết. Để đạt được mục tiêu này, nguồn nước ngầm và nguồn nước mặt lân cận tại hai vị trí điển hình cho khu vực ngoại thành Hà Nội được quan trắc về cao độ mực nước và chất lượng nước trong vòng ba năm. Phân tích đồng vị bền (δ18O, δD của nước) và các thông số thủy hóa cho thấy nước từ tầng chứa nước và tầng cách nước bao gồm mẫu nước ngầm từ các giếng quan trắc và giếng khoan của các hộ gia đình lân cận, phần lớn có nguồn gốc từ các nguồn nước mặt bị ảnh hưởng do bay hơi (như ao hồ, đất nông nghiệp tưới tiêu) hơn là từ các con sông. Kết quả quan trắc mực nước cho thấy các hệ thống dòng chảy quy mô địa phương có tính chất khác nhau đối với cả tầng chứa nước không áp Holocene (HUA) và tầng chứa nước có áp Pleistocene (PCA). Trong trường hợp của HUA, sự bổ cập theo phương ngang từ các ao hồ vào tầng chứa nước và/hoặc các vùng đất nông nghiệp có tưới tiêu lân cận dường như chiếm ưu thế hơn là sự bổ cập do nước mưa theo phương dọc. Trong trường hợp của PCA, nước được bổ sung nước từ HUA nằm phía trên thì các khu vực mà tầng cách nước phân chia hai tầng chứa nước là tương đối mỏng hoặc không tồn tại. Sự suy giảm các nguồn nước mặt địa phương có khả năng làm giảm sự bổ cập nước ngầm. Để duy trì và tăng cường sự bổ cập này (thông qua việc bảo tồn nguồn nước mặt) được xem xét là cần thiết cho việc sử dụng bền vững nguồn nước ngầm trong khu vực.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support by the CREST project grant for ‘Development of Well-balanced Urban Water Use System Adapted for Climate Change’ from the Japan Science and Technology Agency and JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 26303013. The authors thank Mrs. Nguyen Thuy Lien, Mr. Kien Trung and Mr. Dinh Viet Cuong (National University of Civil Engineering) for their kind help in the field survey. The authors are highly grateful to the local people for their cooperation and support in the field survey. The authors thank Prof. Tomochika Tokunaga and Mr. Katsuro Mogi (the University of Tokyo) for their kind support for hydraulic conductivity measurements and leveling of the monitoring sites.

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Correspondence to Keisuke Kuroda.

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Kuroda, K., Hayashi, T., Do, A.T. et al. Groundwater recharge in suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam: effect of decreasing surface-water bodies and land-use change. Hydrogeol J 25, 727–742 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1528-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1528-2

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