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Impacts of a large Sahelian city on groundwater hydrodynamics and quality: example of Niamey (Niger)

Impacts d’une grande ville sahélienne sur l’hydrodynamique et la qualité des eaux souterraines: exemple de Niamey (Niger)

Impactos de una gran ciudad del Sahel en la hidrodinámica y la calidad del agua subterránea: ejemplo de Niamey (Níger)

大的荒漠草原城市对地下水动力学和水质的影响:(尼日尔)尼亚美的例子

Impactos de uma grande cidade na região do Sahel sobre a qualidade e a hidrodinâmica das águas subterrâneas: exemplo de Niamey (Niger)

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Abstract

The management of groundwater resources is very important in the semiarid Sahel region, which is experiencing rapid urban development. Impacts of urbanization on groundwater resources were investigated in the unconfined aquifer of the Continental Terminal beneath the city of Niamey, Niger, using water level and chemical data. Hydrodynamic and chemical changes are best described by a combination of factors including the historical development of the city, current land use, water-table depth and topography. Seasonal groundwater recharge occurs with high spatial variability, as indicated by water-level monitoring in all wells, but there was no interannual trend over the 5-year study period. Groundwater salinity shows high spatial variability and a minor rising trend. The highest salinity is in the old city centre, with Na–NO3 dominant, and it increases seasonally with recharge. Salinity is much lower and more variable in the suburbs (Ca–HCO3, Ca–NO3, and Na–NO3 dominant). Nitrate is the main ionic contaminant and is seasonally or permanently above the international guidelines for drinking water quality in 36 % of sampled wells, with a peak value of 112 mg L−1 NO3–N (8 meq L−1). Comparison of urban and rural sites indicates a long-term increase in groundwater recharge and nitrate enrichment in the urban area with serious implications for groundwater management in the region.

Résumé

La gestion des ressources en eau souterraine est très importante dans la région semi-aride du Sahel, qui fait l’expérience d’un développement urbain rapide. Les impacts de l’urbanisation sur les ressources en eaux souterraines ont été étudiés au niveau de l’aquifère libre du Continental Terminal sous la ville de Niamey, Niger, à partir de données piézométriques et chimiques. Les modifications de l’hydrodynamisme et du chimisme sont le mieux décrits par une combinaison de facteurs qui comprennent la croissance historique de la ville, les usages du sol actuels, la profondeur de la nappe et la topographie. La recharge saisonnière des eaux souterraines se produit avec une grande variabilité spatiale, comme indiqué par le suivi des niveaux piézométriques dans tous les puits, mais sans aucune tendance interannuelle au cours de la période d’étude de 5 ans. La salinité des eaux souterraines montre une forte variabilité spatiale et une faible tendance à la hausse. Le plus haut degré de salinité se trouve au niveau du vieux centre-ville, avec Na–NO3 dominant, et il augmente de façon saisonnière avec la recharge. La salinité est beaucoup plus faible et plus variable dans les quartiers périphériques (Ca–HCO3, Ca–NO3, et Na–NO3 dominants). Le nitrate est le contaminant ionique principal et sa concentration est de manière saisonnière ou permanente au-dessus des valeurs guides internationales pour la qualité d’eau de boisson dans 36 % des puits échantillonnés, avec une valeur maximale de 112 mg L−1 NO3–N (8 méq L−1). La comparaison des sites urbains et ruraux met en évidence une augmentation sur le long terme de la recharge des nappes et un enrichissement en nitrate dans la zone urbaine avec de fortes implications en termes de gestion des ressources en eaux souterraines dans la région.

Resumen

La gestión de los recursos de agua subterránea es muy importante en la región semiárida del Sahel, que está experimentando un rápido desarrollo urbano. Se investigaron los impactos de la urbanización en los recursos de agua subterránea usando datos de niveles de agua y químicos en el acuífero no confinado de la Continental Terminal bajo la ciudad de Niamey, Níger. Los cambios hidrodinámicos y químicos se describen mejor a través de una combinación de factores que incluyen el desarrollo histórico de la ciudad, el uso actual de la tierra, la profundidad de la capa freática y la topografía. La recarga estacional del acuífero con alta variabilidad espacial, se produce, según lo indicado por el monitoreo del nivel de agua, en todos los pozos, pero no existe ninguna tendencia interanual durante el período de estudio de 5 años. La salinidad del agua subterránea muestra una alta variabilidad espacial y una tendencia menor al aumento. La salinidad más alta se encuentra en el antiguo casco de la ciudad, con el Na–NO3 dominante, y que aumenta estacionalmente con la recarga. La salinidad es mucho menor y más variable en los suburbios (son dominantes Ca–HCO3, Ca–NO3, and Na–NO3). El nitrato es el principal contaminante iónico y es estacional o permanente, con valores por encima de las directrices internacionales para la calidad del agua potable en el 36 % de los pozos muestreados, siendo el valor máximo de 112 mg L−1 NO3–N (8 meq L−1). La comparación de los sitios urbanos y rurales indica a largo plazo, un aumento en la recarga del agua subterránea y un enriquecimiento de nitratos en la zona urbana, con graves implicancias para la gestión del agua subterránea de la región.

摘要

在正在经历着快速城市化发展的半干旱荒漠地区,地下水资源管理非常重要。利用水位和化学资料调查了尼日尔尼亚美市之下大陆端点非承压含水层地下水资源对城市化的影响。通过城市历史发展、目前土地利用状况、水位深度和地形等多种因素很好地描述了水动力和化学变化。所有井的水位监测显示季节性地下水补给空间变化很大,但在五年的研究期间没有年际间的趋势。地下水盐度显示空间变化很大,有较小的上升趋势。盐度最高的地方在老城中心,主要为Na–NO3,并且随着补给有季节性的增加。盐度在郊区较低,变化也大(主要为 Ca–HCO3, Ca–NO3, and Na–NO3 )。在36 %的采样井中,硝酸盐是主要的离子污染物,季节性或长期超过饮用水国际指南,峰值为112 mg L−1 NO3–N (8 meq L−1)。城区和农村地区对比显示,地下水补给中硝酸盐长期增加,城区的硝酸盐富集表明这一地区需要加强地下水管理。

Resumo

O gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas é muito importante para a região semiárida do Sahel, que vem apresentando um rápido desenvolvimento urbano. Impactos da urbanização nas águas subterrâneas foram investigados no aquifero livre do Terminal Continental sob a cidade de Niamey, Niger, utilizando nivel freático e dados químicos. Mudanças hidrodinâmicas e quimicas são melhor descritas pela combinação de fatores incluindo o desenvolvimento histórico da cidade, uso da terra atual, profundidade do nível freático e topografia. A recarga sazonal das águas subterrâneas ocorre com alta variabilidade espacial, como indicado pelo monitoramento do nível freático em todos os poços, mas não houve tendência interanual no periodo de cinco anos estudado. A salinidade das águas subterraneas demonstra alta variabilidade espacial e baixa tendência de elevação. A maior salinidade encontra-se no velho centro da cidade, com dominância de Na–NO3, e aumenta sazonalmente com a recarga. A salinidade é mais baixa e mais variável nos subúrbios (dominância de Ca–HCO3, Ca–NO3, e Na–NO3). O nitrato é o principal contaminante iônico e está sazonalmente ou permanentemente acima dos valores internacional para qualidade de água potável em 36 % dos poços amostrados, com valores pico de 112 mg L−1 NO3–N (8 meq L−1). A comparação das áreas urbanas e rurais indica um aumento a longo prazo da recarga das águas subterrâneas e enriquecimento de nitrato na área urbana com sérias implicações para o gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas na região.

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Acknowledgements

The authors dedicate this paper to late Professor François Brissaud (Université Montpellier 2, France). This study was supported by the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and IRD through, respectively, a research grant and a PhD fellowship to the first author. The authors thank the local residents for access to private wells, and their colleagues Abassa Alhassane, Abdoulaye Koné, Anne Laure Besnier, Maman Sani Babaye, Maimouna Ibrahim, and Sami Boubé for their contribution to the field campaigns. Thorough comments of Gary P. Curtis (U.S. Geological Survey, USA), Pibgnina Bazié (AGRHYMET Regional Centre at Niamey, Niger) and Todd Jarvis (Oregon State University, USA) before submission, and later remarks of the associate editor, Matthew Currell, and the two anonymous reviewers significantly helped to improve the manuscript.

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Hassane, A.B., Leduc, C., Favreau, G. et al. Impacts of a large Sahelian city on groundwater hydrodynamics and quality: example of Niamey (Niger). Hydrogeol J 24, 407–423 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1345-z

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