Abstract
Understanding spring-flow characteristics in karst areas is very important for efficient utilization of water resources. The time lag of a spring-hydrograph response to rainfall is related to karst hydrogeological properties such as thickness, porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The length of the time lag can be determined based on results of the time-series analysis. However, some approaches, with different identifying indicators, give different lengths of the time lag. In this study, the flow-discharge series of two hillslope springs located in a karst area of southwest China were used to compute lengths of the time lag. The thickness and porosity of the epikarst-zone fractures on the two hillslopes were estimated based on a ground-penetrating radar investigation and field measurement. Based on comparison of lengths of the time lag computed by auto- and cross-correlation analyses, the identifying indicators of the time lag were classified into three types for measuring short, intermediate and long-term responses of the spring hydrograph to rainfall. The study also reveals that the time lag of spring-hydrograph response to rainfall in the thick epikarst zone is much longer than that in the thin epikarst zone.
Résumé
La compréhension des caractéristiques des écoulements au niveau des sources dans les régions karstiques est essentielle pour une utilisation efficace des ressources en eau. Le décalage temporel de l’hydrogramme à la source en réponse aux précipitations est dû aux propriétés hydrogéologiques telles que l’épaisseur, la porosité et la conductivité hydraulique. La longueur du décalage temporel peut être déterminée à partir des résultats des analyses des séries temporelles. Cependant, certaines approches, avec différents indicateurs, donnent des longueurs différentes pour ce décalage. Dans le cadre de cette étude, les chroniques de débits de deux sources de pente situées dans une région karstique du Sud-Ouest de la Chine ont été analysées pour déterminer la durée de ce décalage temporel. L’épaisseur et la porosité des fractures de la zone épikarstique de deux pentes de collines ont été estimées à partir de résultats d’investigation géophysique au radar et de mesures de terrain. A partir des comparaisons des longueurs de décalage obtenues par analyses corrélatoire simple et croisée, les indicateurs identifiés du décalage ont été classés selon trois types de réponses de l’hydrogramme de la source pour des précipitations (courte, intermédiaire et longue). L’étude révèle également que le décalage de l’hydrogramme de la source en réponse aux précipitations dans un épikarst d’épaisseur importante est beaucoup plus long que pour une zone épikarstique peu épaisse.
Resumen
Entender las características del flujo de manantiales en áreas kársticas es muy importante para la utilización eficiente de los recursos hídricos. El tiempo de retardo en la respuesta de un hidrograma de un manantial a la precipitación está relacionado con las propiedades hidrogeológicas kársticas, tales como espesor, porosidad y conductividad hidráulica. La longitud del tiempo de retardo puede ser determinada sobre la base de resultados del análisis de series de tiempo. Sin embargo, algunas aproximaciones, con distintos indicadores de identificación, dan distintas longitudes de tiempos de retardo. En este estudio, se usaron las series de flujo de descarga de dos manantiales de ladera situados en un área kársticas del sudoeste de China para computar las longitudes del tiempo de retardo. El espesor y la porosidad de las fracturas de la zona epikárstica en las dos laderas fueron estimados en base a una investigación de un georadar y mediciones de campo. Basado en la comparación de las longitudes del tiempo de retardo computado por análisis de autocorrelacción y cross correlación, los indicadores que identifican el tiempo de retardo fueron clasificados en tres tipos para la medición de respuestas de corto, mediano y largo plazo del hidrograma del manantial a la precipitación. El estudio también revela que la respuesta del tiempo de retardo de un hidrograma de un manantial a la precipitación en la zona del epikarst espeso es mucho mayor que en la zona de epikarst delgado.
摘要
泉流量特征对喀斯特地区水资源合理利用具有重要的意义。泉流量过程对降雨响应的滞后时间与喀斯特水文地质特征,如厚度、空隙度以及渗透系数等具有密切关系。根据时间序列分析结果可以确定滞后时间。然而,根据不同的判定指标,许多时间序列分析方法可以计算出不同的滞后时间。本研究选取位于中国南方喀斯特地区的两个山坡泉的流量系列计算滞后时间。通过探地雷达勘测和野外调查,对这两个山坡表层岩溶带厚度和裂隙率进行了确定。通过对比自相关和互相关分析计算的滞后时间,将滞后时间判断指标分为三类,分别判断泉流量对降雨的短时、中时和长时响应。同时,本研究结果也显示,较厚表层岩溶带发育的泉流量对降雨响应的滞后时间比较薄表层岩溶带长。
Resumo
Compreender as caraterísticas do fluxo de nascentes em zonas cársicas é muito importante para a utilização eficiente dos recursos hídricos. O tempo de atraso da resposta à precipitação do hidrograma de uma nascente está relacionado com as propriedades hidrogeológicas do carso, tais como a espessura, a porosidade e a condutividade hidráulica. A dimensão do tempo de atraso pode ser determinada com base nos resultados da análise de séries temporais. No entanto, algumas abordagens, com diferentes indicadores de identificação, dão tempos de atraso diferentes. Neste estudo, foram usadas séries de fluxo de descarga de duas nascentes, localizadas a meia encosta numa área cársica do sudoeste da China, para calcular dimensões de tempos de atraso. A espessura e porosidade das fraturas da zona do epicarso nas duas nascentes foram estimadas com base em investigações de radar de penetração no solo e medições de campo. Com base na comparação dos períodos temporais de atraso determinados por meio de análises de auto correlação e de correlação cruzada, os indicadores que identificam o tempo de atraso foram classificados em três tipos, para medição das respostas do hidrograma da nascente à precipitação: curto, intermédio e longo. O estudo revela ainda que o tempo de atraso do hidrograma de nascente em resposta à precipitação na zona do epicarso com maior espessura é muito maior do que na zona de epicarso pouco desenvolvido.













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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China Nos. 40930635, 41101018, 51079038, and 51190090. We thank the editor and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the earlier manuscript, which lead to an improvement of the report.
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Zhang, Z., Chen, X., Chen, X. et al. Quantifying time lag of epikarst-spring hydrograph response to rainfall using correlation and spectral analyses. Hydrogeol J 21, 1619–1631 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1041-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1041-9