Abstract
Europe has a long coastline along which many human activities are concentrated. Coastal aquifer development is often intensive and subject to salinity problems as a result of seawater intrusion, upconing of deep saline water, and residual salinity in aquitards. Studies have been carried out since the end of the nineteenth century, and have set the basic principles of freshwater/marine-water relations. Some aquifers are carefully studied, monitored and managed; examples can be found in The Netherlands, Belgium, southern Italy and northeastern Spain. Often important coastal aquifers are of relatively small size but crucial to supply human needs, which vary from mostly urban and industrial in mid to high latitudes, to dominantly seasonal for irrigation in the Mediterranean area and the archipelagos. The different situations can be grouped into: recent deltas, other coastal detritic formations, carbonate formations, and the special situations in small islands. Comments on these situations are provided and some examples are introduced, just for illustration.
Résumé
L’Europe possède une longue ligne de côte le long de laquelle sont concentrées de nombreuses activités humaines. L’exploitation des aquifères côtiers est souvent intensive et sujette à des problèmes de salinité résultant de l’intrusion d’eau de mer, de remontées en cônes ascendants d’eau saline profonde, et de la salinité résiduelle dans les aquitards. Des études ont été réalisées depuis la fin du 19e siècle, et elles ont établi les principes de base des relations eau douce - eau de mer. Quelques aquifères ont été étudiés, contrôlés et gérés soigneusement ; des exemples peuvent être trouvés aux Pays- Bas, en Belgique et en Espagne du Nord - Est . D’importants aquifères côtiers sont souvent de taille relativement petite mais ils sont vitaux pour répondre aux besoins humains, lesquels varient de ceux essentiellement urbains et industriels aux latitudes moyennes et élevées, à ceux à dominante saisonnière pour l’irrigation dans les régions méditerranéennes et les archipels. Les différentes situations peuvent être regroupées en : deltas récents, autres formations détritiques côtières, formations carbonatées, et les situations particulières dans les petites îles. Des commentaires sur ces situations sont fournis et quelques cas sont présentés simplement à titre d’exemple.
Resumen
Europa tiene una larga línea de costa a lo largo de la cual se concentran muchas actividades humanas. El desarrollo de acuíferos costeros es frecuentemente intensivo y con problemas de salinidad debidos a intrusión marina, a la formación de conos ascensionales de agua salina y a salinidad residual en los acuitardos. Desde finales del siglo XIX se han ido realizando estudios y se han establecido los principios básicos que rigen las relaciones agua dulce-agua salada. Algunos acuíferos han sido estudiados, observados y gestionados cuidadosamente, se pueden encontrar ejemplos en los Países Bajos, Bélgica, el sur de Italia y el noroeste de España. Con frecuencia los acuíferos costeros son de tamaño relativamente pequeño pero cruciales para abastecer a las necesidades humanas, que varían desde mayormente urbanas e industriales a latitudes altas y medias, hasta dominantemente estacionales para riego en el área Mediterránea y los archipiélagos. Las diferentes situaciones se pueden agrupar en: deltas recientes, otras formaciones costeras detríticas, formaciones carbonáticas, y situaciones especiales en pequeñas islas. Se aportan comentarios sobre esas situaciones y se dan algunos ejemplos, sólo para ilustrar lo que se dice.
摘要
摘要 : 欧洲有很长的海岸线, 其上人类活动集中。滨海含水层的开发强度常较大, 并因海水入侵、深部咸水上隆和弱透水层中残余盐份而易出现盐化问题。相关研究始自19世纪末, 并阐发了淡水-海水关系的基本机制。对一些含水层进行了详细研究、监测和管理, 这些例子见于荷兰、比利时和西班牙东北部。通常重要的滨海含水层规模较小, 但对满足人类需求 (从中低纬城市和工业用水到地中海地区及群岛的季节性灌溉) 至为关键。各不同情形可划分如下 : 现代三角洲、其它滨海碎屑地层、碳酸盐地层及小岛的特殊情形。评述了这些情形并列举了若干实例以进行说明。
Resumo
A Europa tem uma longa linha de costa, onde se concentram muitas atividades humanas. O desenvolvimento dos aquíferos costeiros é frequentemente intensivo e apresenta problemas de salinidade devidos a intrusão marinha, formação de cones ascensionais de água salina profunda e a salinidade residual nos aquitardos. Desde o final do século XIX que existem estudos nos quais se revelam os princípios básicos das relações água doce-água salgada. Alguns aquíferos têm sido estudados, observados e geridos em pormenor. Podem encontrar-se bons exemplos nos Países Baixos, na Bélgica e no nordeste de Espanha. Muitas vezes, os aquíferos importantes são de pequena extensão, mas têm uma importância crucial para o abastecimento de água às comunidades humanas, as quais variam desde maioritariamente urbanas e industriais em latitudes médias a elevadas, até necessidades dominantemente sazonais, para irrigação, nas áreas mediterrânicas e arquipélagos. As diferentes situações podem classificar-se em: deltas recentes, outras formações costeiras detríticas, formações carbonatadas, e as situações especiais das ilhas de reduzida dimensão. São apresentados comentários sobre estas situações e alguns exemplos são introduzidos, com o objectivo de ilustrar o exposto.
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to Elena Abarca and Vincent Price for the invitation to prepare this paper and for their early comments on it. Thanks also to the reviewers for their helpful comments. J. Sánchez-Vila carried out the text processing and E. Custodio-Ayala prepared the drawings.
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Custodio, E. Coastal aquifers of Europe: an overview. Hydrogeol J 18, 269–280 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0496-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0496-1