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The bailer test: a simple effective pumping test for assessing borehole success

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Abstract

A new pumping test method has been designed around the practical requirements of those working in rural water-supply projects in developing countries. The bailer test needs only simple equipment and can be completed in under 1 h. The test involves removing 20–50 bails from a borehole over a 10-min period and then measuring the recovery. The test is analysed using large-diameter-well analysis (which accounts for well storage) and is appropriate for testing low productivity aquifers (transmissivity 0.1–10 m2 d–1), where water levels are shallow (<20 m depth). The bailer test was developed and trialled in a rural water supply project in Nigeria where it was found to predict similar transmissivity to 5-h constant rate tests (r 2=0.9). Analysis of the test was further simplified to provide guidelines for field staff such as community health workers. The likelihood of a borehole sustaining a handpump for 250 people can be indicated by measuring the maximum drawdown and time for 50 and 75% recovery from a bailer test and comparing to a simple table. This simplified test is now being used in this and other rural water-supply projects, and has been modified to indicate whether a borehole can sustain higher yields for small-scale irrigation.

Résumé

Une nouvelle méthode de pompage d’essai a été élaborée à partir des exigences pratiques de ceux qui travaillent sur des projets d’adduction d’eau dans les pays en voie de développement. Le pompage d’essai par écopage n’a besoin que d’un équipement simple et peut être réalisé en moins d’une heure. L’essai implique le prélèvement de 20 à 25 écopes dans un forage pendant une période de 10 min et ensuite la mesure de la remontée. L’essai est exploité en utilisant l’analyse destinée aux puits à grand diamètre (ce qui rend compte de l’emmagasinement du puits) et est indiqué pour tester les aquifères à faible productivité (transmissivité de 0.1 à 10 m2 d–1), où les niveaux d’eau sont peu profonds (<20 m de profondeur). Le pompage d’essai par écopage a été développé et testé dans un projet d’adduction d’eau rural en Nigeria où on a trouvé qu’il prévoyait des transmissivités similaires à celles des essais à débit constant de 5 heures (r 2=0.9). L’analyse de l’essai a été davantage simplifiée afin de fournir des lignes directrices à du personnel de terrain tel que des chargés de la santé publique. La probabilité qu’un forage accepte une pompe à main pour 250 personnes peut être démontrée par la mesure du rabattement maximum et de temps de remontée de 50 et de 75% à partir d’un pompage d’essai par puisage et par comparaison avec une simple abaque. Ce test simplifié est utilisé maintenant pour ce dernier et pour d’autres projets d’adduction d’eau ruraux, et a été modifié pour montrer si un forage peut supporter des débits supérieurs pour une irrigation à petite échelle.

Resumen

Un nuevo método de bombeo se ha desarrollado con la practicidad que requieren aquellos que trabajan en abastecimiento de agua en ámbitos rurales de países en vías de desarrollo. El ensayo de extracción de agua (bailer test) requiere equipamiento muy simple y puede completarse en menos de una hora. El ensayo consiste en extraer de la perforación 20–50 volúmenes del contenedor en un período de 10 min y luego medir la recuperación. El ensayo se analiza utilizando pozos de gran diámetro (que tiene en cuenta el almacenamiento en el pozo), y resulta apropiado para verificar el comportamiento de acuíferos de baja productividad (transmisividad 0.1–10 md–1), con niveles de agua someros (profundidad <20 m). El ensayo de extracción de agua se desarrolló y se implementó en un proyecto de suministro de agua en un sector rural de Nigeria, y se halló que era capaz de predecir transmisividades similares a aquellas provenientes de ensayos de bombeo de 5 horas a caudal constante (r 2=0.9). El análisis del ensayo fue simplificado a fin de facilitar la tarea del personal de campo, tales como trabajadores comunitarios. La probabilidad de que una perforación provista con una bomba de mano pueda abastecer a 250 personas puede deducirse midiendo el descenso máximo de nivel, el tiempo que requiere una recuperación del 50 y del 75% según el ensayo de extracción de agua, y comparándolos con los datos de una tabla simple. Este ensayo simplificado está siendo usado en el proyecto mencionado y en otros de abastecimiento a áreas rurales, y ha sido modificado para indicar si una perforación puede servir para extraer mayores caudales para proyectos de riego de pequeña escala.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is published with permission from the Executive Director, British Geological Survey (NERC). The work was carried out with the assistance of many people in Nigeria. Particular thanks go to S. Sugden, B. Goyol and V. Edu of WaterAid for their help with fieldwork The work was funded by the UK Department for International Development (project number CNTR 960023A).

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MacDonald, A.M., Barker, J.A. & Davies, J. The bailer test: a simple effective pumping test for assessing borehole success. Hydrogeol J 16, 1065–1075 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0286-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0286-1

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