Abstract
The impact of land-use change on the quality of groundwater in the Xiaotjiang watershed, China was assessed for the period 1982–2004. Groundwater samples were collected from 30 monitoring points across the watershed, and were representative of the various changes, determined by remote sensing and geographical information systems. The results indicate that 610 km2 (60% of the total watershed area) were subject to land-use change during the period. The most important changes were the conversion of 135 km2 of forested land to cultivated land, and 211 km2 of unused land to cultivated land. The main impact was ascribed to diffuse pollution from fertilizers applied to newly cultivated land, and from building development. Overall the groundwater pH value was significantly increased, as were the concentrations of ions \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), and Cl− in groundwater whilst the concentrations of Ca2+ and \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \) declined. More precisely, in the regions where forested land and unused land were converted into cultivated land, the pH value and the concentrations of Mg2+, \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), Cl− increased whilst the concentrations of Ca2+ and \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \) declined. However in the region where cultivated land was converted into construction land, the pH value and the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), Cl− increased.
Résumé
L’impact des changements de l’utilisation du territoire sur la qualité de l’eau souterraine dans le bassin versant de Xiaojiang, en Chine, a été évalué de 1982 à 2004. Des échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été récoltés à partir de 30 points d’observation éparpillés sur le bassin, représentant les divers changements déterminés par télédétection et système d’information géographique. Les résultats indiquent que 610 km2 (soit 60% de la surface du bassin) ont été sujets à des modifications de l’utilisation du territoire sur cette période. Les changements les plus importants furent la conversion de 135 km2 de forêt et 211 km2 de terres inutilisées en terres cultivées. Le principal impact est attribué à la pollution diffuse des engrais utilisés en agriculture et pour les bâtiments. De manière générale le pH de l’eau souterraine a augmenté significativement, ainsi que les concentrations des ions \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), et Cl−, tandis que les concentration en Ca2+ et \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \) ont diminué. Plus précisément dans les régions transformées en terres cultivées, la valeur du pH et les concentrations en Mg2+, \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), Cl− ont augmenté tandis que les concentrations en Ca2+ et \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \) ont diminué. Toutefois dans les régions cultivées converties en zones de construction, le pH et les concentrations en Ca2+, Mg2+, \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), Cl− ont augmenté.
Resumen
El impacto del cambio en uso de la tierra en la calidad del agua en la cuenca Xiaojiang, China fue evaluado para el periodo 1982–2004. Muestras de agua subterránea fueron tomadas de 30 puntos de monitoreo a través de la cuenca, y fueron representativas de los múltiples cambios, determinados por sensores remotos y sistemas de información geográfica. Los resultados indican que 610 km2 (60% del área total de la cuenca) estaban sujetos a cambios de uso de la tierra durante el periodo estudiado. Los cambios más importantes fueron la conversión de 135 km2 de bosques a tierra cultivada, y 211 km2 de tierra sin uso (ociosa) a tierra cultivada. El impacto principal fue causado por contaminación difusa de fertilizantes aplicados a la tierra recientemente cultivada, y a desarrollo de construcciones. En general el pH en agua subterránea creció significantemente, al igual que las concentraciones de los iones \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), y Cl− en agua subterránea mientras que las concentraciones de Ca2+ y \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \) decrecieron. Mas precisamente, en las regiones donde bosque y tierra ociosa fueron convertidas en tierra cultivada, el valor de pH y las concentraciones de Mg2+, \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), Cl− crecieron mientras las concentraciones de Ca2+ y \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \) decrecieron. Sin embargo en la región donde tierra cultivada fue convertida en construcciones, el valor de pH y las concentraciones de Ca2+, Mg2+, \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \), \( {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{SO}}^{{2 - }}_{4} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \), \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} \), Cl− crecieron.









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Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the key project of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of China’s Ministry of Science and Technology, project code 2006BAC01A16; the Physical Geography Doctorial Program Open Foundation of Southwest University of China, no. 250-411109; the Doctorial Foundation of Southwest University of China, no. SWNUB2005035, and the Project of Ministry of Land and Resources, China, no. 2003104000.
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Jiang, Y., Zhang, C., Yuan, D. et al. Impact of land use change on groundwater quality in a typical karst watershed of southwest China: a case study of the Xiaojiang watershed, Yunnan Province. Hydrogeol J 16, 727–735 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0259-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0259-9