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Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evolution of water in the Complexe Terminal aquifer in the Algerian Sahara

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Abstract

The hydrogeochemical and isotopic evolution of groundwaters in the Mio–Pliocene sands of the Complexe Terminal (CT) aquifer in central Algeria are described. The CT aquifer is located in the large sedimentary basin of the Great Oriental Erg. Down-gradient groundwater evolution is considered along the main representative aquifer cross section (south–north), from the southern recharge area (Tinrhert Plateau and Great Oriental Erg) over about 700 km. Groundwater mineralisation increases along the flow line, from 1.5 to 8 g l−1, primarily as a result of dissolution of evaporite minerals, as shown by Br/Cl and strontium isotope ratios. Trends in both major and trace elements demonstrate a progressive evolution along the flow path. Redox reactions are important and the persistence of oxidising conditions favours the increase in some trace elements (e.g. Cr) and also NO3 , which reaches concentrations of 16.8 mg l−1 NO3-N. The range in 14C, 0–8.4 pmc in the deeper groundwaters, corresponds with late Pleistocene recharge, although there then follows a hiatus in the data with no results in the range 10–20 pmc, interpreted as a gap in recharge coincident with hyper-arid but cool conditions across the Sahara; groundwater in the range 24.7–38.9 pmc signifies a distinct period of Holocene recharge. All δ18O compositions are enriched relative to deuterium and are considered to be derived by evaporative enrichment from a parent rainfall around −11‰ δ18O, signifying cooler conditions in the late Pleistocene and possibly heavy monsoon rains during the Holocene.

Résumé

Ce papier décrit l'évolution hydrogéochimique et isotopique des eaux souterraines des sables de l'aquifère du Complexe Terminal, situé dans le vaste bassin sédimentaire du Grand Erg Oriental (nord-est du Sahara algérien). Cette étude a été réalisée selon la principale section transversale nord–sud représentative de l'aquifère, qui représente l'évolution selon un gradient d'écoulement vers l'aval depuis la zone de recharge méridionale (le plateau de Tinrhert et le Grand Erg Oriental), sur environ 700 km. La minéralisation des eaux souterraines augmente le long des lignes d'écoulement et est comprise entre 1.5 et 8 g l−1, avec un accroissement correspondant des concentrations en Na+, Cl, SO4 2−, Ca2+ et K+. Des traces de minéraux évaporitiques présents dans la matrice de l'aquifère (halite, gypse, sylvite) sont les principaux contrôles minéralogiques. Par ailleurs, les concentrations en HCO3 et Mg2+ sont relativement constantes du fait de la saturation des eaux en minéraux carbonatés. Des éléments mineurs et en traces (Br, Sr2+, Li+, B3+, F, I et Rb+) suivent les mêmes tendances que les ions majeurs. Les isotopes stables (18O, 2H, 13C) et le radiocarbone sont en accord avec les interprétations hydrochimiques d'une augmentation de l'âge et d'interactions eau–roche. La présence de failles au sud de la ville d'Ouargla provoque une remontée par drainance d'eaux anciennes depuis l'aquifère inférieur du Continental Intercalaire. Les âges déterminés par le radiocarbone permettent d'identifier deux masses d'eau différentes: l'une avec des âges de 1,000–4,000 ans b.p., l'autre avec des âges de 20,000–40,000 ans b.p.

Resumen

Este artículo describe la evolución hidrogeoquímica e isotópica de las aguas subterráneas en las arenas Mio-Pliocenas del acuífero Terminal Complejo, situado en una gran cuenca sedimentaria del Great Oriental Erg (Nordeste del Sáhara argelino). La investigación se ha desarrollado a lo largo de la sección transversal más representativa del acuífero, en dirección Sur-Norte, que representa la evolución del gradiente desde la zona meridional de recarga (plató de Tinrhert y Great Oriental Erg) hasta una distancia superior a 700 km. Se ha determinado que la mineralización de las aguas subterráneas aumenta a lo largo de la línea de corriente, y está comprendida entre 1,500 y 8,000 mg l−1, con un aumento paralelo de iones como el sodio, cloruro, sulfato, calcio y potasio. El control mineralógico se debe principalmente a trazas de minerales evaporíticos en la matriz del acuífero, entre los cuales destaca la halita, los yesos y la silvita. Por otro lado, las concentraciones de bicarbonato y magnesio son relativamente constantes, debido a la saturación de las aguas subterráneas con respecto a los minerales carbonatados. Los elementos menores y traza (bromuro, estroncio, litio, boro, fluoruro, yodo y rubidio) también siguen la tendencia de los iones mayoritarios. Los isótopos estables (18O, 2H, 13C) y el carbono radioactivo son coherentes con las interpretaciones hidroquímicas basadas en el envejecimiento e interacción agua-roca. La presencia de fallas hacia el Sur de la ciudad de Ouargla da lugar a un flujo vertical ascendente de paleoaguas desde el acuífero Continental Intercalaire subyacente. La datación realizada mediante el carbono radioactivo permite identificar dos masas de agua diferentes: una primera en la que el agua tiene una edad comprendida entre 1,000 y 4,000 años, y otra de 20 a 40 años.

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Acknowledgements

The work was carried out within the framework of a project partly supported by the European Commission under the programme Avicenne (contract no. CT 93AVI0015). We thank Sonatrach for hosting us while in the field for sampling. We thank Fiona Darbyshire (NIGL Keyworth) for conducting strontium isotope analyses, and the staff of the Centre de Recherche Nucléaire d'Alger (CRNA) for other isotope analyses. Additional radiocarbon analysis was conducted through the NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory, East Kilbride, under research allocation 779/0119. This paper is published with the permission of the directors of the CRNA and the British Geological Survey (Natural Environment Research Council).

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Guendouz, A., Moulla, A.S., Edmunds, W.M. et al. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evolution of water in the Complexe Terminal aquifer in the Algerian Sahara. Hydrogeology Journal 11, 483–495 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0263-7

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