Abstract
The interaction between lanthanum atom (La) and C74 (D 3h) was investigated by all-electron relativistic density function theory (DFT). With the aid of the representative patch of C74 (D 3h), we studied the interaction between C74 (D 3h) and La and obtained the interaction potential. Optimized structures show that there are three equivalent stable isomers, with La located about 1.7 Å off center. There is one transition state between every two stable isomers. According to the minimum energy pathway, the possible movement trajectory of La atoms in the C74 (D 3h) cage was explored. The calculated energy barrier for La atoms moving from the stable isomer to the transition state is 18.4 kcal mol−1. In addition, the dynamic NMR spectra of La@C74 according to the trajectory was calculated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Heath JR, O’Brien SC, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Curl RF (1985) Lanthanum complexes of spheroidal carbon shells. J Am Chem Soc 107:7779–7780
Chai Y, Guo T, Jin C, Haufler RE, Chibante LPF (1991) Fullerenes with metals inside. J Phys Chem 95:7564–7568
Nikawa H, Kikuchi T, Wakahara T, Nakahodo T, Tsuchiya T (2005) Missing metallofullerene La@C74. J Am Chem Soc 127:9684–9685
Xu J, Tsuchiya T, Hao C, Shi Z, Wakahara T (2006) Structure determination of a missing-caged metallofullerene Yb@C74 (II) and the dynamic motion of the encaged ytterbium ion. Chem Phys Lett 419:44–47
Haufe O, Reich A, Möschel C, Jansen M (2001) Darstellung, Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Ba@C74.Z. Anorg Allg Chem 627:23–27
Grupp A, Haufe M, Jansen M, Mehring M, Panthofer J (2002) Synthesis, isolation and characterisation of New alkaline earth endohedral fullerenes M@Cn (M = Ca, Sr; n = 74, 76). AIP Conference Proceedings 633:31–34
Haufe O, Hecht M, Grupp A, Mehring M, Jansen M (2005) Isolation and spectroscopic characterization of New endohedral fullerenes in the size gap of C74 to C76. Z Anorg Allg Chem 631:126–130
Kuran P, Krause M, Bartl A, Dunsch L (1998) Preparation, isolation and characterisation of Eu@C74: the first isolated europium endohedral fullerene. Chem Phys Lett 292:580–586
Okazaki T, Lian Y, Gu ZN, Suenagac K, Shinohara H (2000) Isolation and spectroscopic characterization of Sm-containing metallofullerenes. Chem Phys Lett 320:435–440
Okazaki T, Suenaga K, Lian Y, Gu Z, Shinohara H (2001) Intrafullerene electron transfers in Sm-containing metallofullerenes Sm@C2n (74 ≤ 2n ≤ 84). J Mol Graph Model 19:244–251
Okazaki T, Suenaga K, Lian YF, Gu ZN, Shinohara H (2000) Direct EELS observation of the oxidation states of Sm atoms in Sm@C2n metallofullerenes (74 ≤2n ≤84). J Chem Phys 113:9593–9597
Wan TSM, Zhang HW (1998) Production, isolation and electronic properties of missing fullerenes:Ca@C72 and Ca@C74. J Am Chem Soc 120:6806–6807
Xu JX, Lu X, Zhou XH, He XR, Shi ZJ (2004) Synthesis, isolation and spectroscopic characterization of ytterbium-containing metallofullerenes. Chem Mater 16:2959–2964
Miyake Y, Suzuki S, Kojima Y, Kikuchi K, Kobayashi K (1996) Motion of scandium ions in Sc2C84 observed by 45Sc solution NMR. J Phys Chem 100:9579–9581
Nishibori E, Takata M, Sakata M, Tanaka H, Hasegawa M (2000) Giant motion of La atom inside C82 cage. Chem Phys Lett 330:497–502
Umemoto H, Ohashi K, Inoue T, Fukui N, Sugai T (2010) Synthesis and UHV-STM observation of the T d-symmetric Lu metallofullerene: Lu2@C76(T d). Chem Commun 46:5653–5655
Akasaka T, Nagase S, Kobayashi K, Wälchli M, Yamamoto K (1997) 13C and 139La NMR studies of La2@C80: first evidence for circular motion of metal atoms in endohedral dimetallofullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 36:1643–1645
Nishibori E, Takata M, Sakata M, Taninaka A, Shinohara H (2001) Pentagonal-dodecahedral La2 charge density in [80-Ih] fullerene: La2@C80. Angew Chem Int Ed 40:2998–2999
Andreoni W, Curioni A (1996) Freedom and constraints of a metal atom encapsulated in fullerene cages. Phys Rev Lett 77:834–837
Heine T, Vietze K, Seifert G (2004) 13C NMR fingerprint characterizes long time-scale structure of Sc3N@C80 endohedral fullerene. Magn Reson Chem 42:S199–S201
Jin P, Hao C, Li SM, Mi WH, Sun ZC (2006) Theoretical study on the motion of a La atom inside a C82 cage. J Phys Chem A 111:167–169
Kodama T, Fujii R, Miyake Y, Suzuki S, Nishikawa H (2004) 13C NMR study of Ca@C74: the cage structure and the site-hopping motion of a Ca atom inside the cage. Chem Phys Lett 399:94–97
Vietze K, Seifert G, Fowler PW (2000) Structure and dynamics of endohedral fullerenes. AIP Conf Proc 544:131–134
Delley B (1990) An all–electron numerical method for solving the local density functional for polyatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 92:508–517
Delley B (2000) From molecules to solids with the DMol3 approach. J Chem Phys 113:7756–7764
Becke AD (1998) Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic behavior. Phys Rev A 38:3098–3100
Lee C, Yang W, Parr RG (1988) Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density. Phys Rev B 37:785–789
Powell RE (1968) Relativistic quantum chemistry. J Chem Educ 45:558–563
Pitzer K (1979) Relativistic effects on chemical properties. Acc Chem Res 12:271–276
Pyykko P, Desclaux JP (1979) Relativity and the periodic system of elements. Acc Chem Res 12:276–281
Pyykko P (1988) Relativistic effects in structural chemistry. Chem Rev 88:563–594
Liu W (2010) Ideas of relativistic quantum chemistry. Mol Phys 108:1679–1706
Fletcher R (1980) Practical methods of optimization, vol 1. Wiley, New York
te Velde G, Bickelhaupt FM, Baerends EJ, Guerra CF, van Gisbergen SJA (2001) Chemistry with ADF. J Comput Chem 22:931–967
Halgren TA, Lipscomb WN (1997) Chem Phys Lett 49:225–232
Guerra CF, Snijders JG, te Velde G, Baerends EJ (1998) Towards an order-N DFT method. Theor Chem Acc: Theory, Comput, Model (Theoretica Chimica Acta) 99:391–403
Zhang JF, Hao C, Li SM, Mi WH, Jin P (2007) Which configuration is more stable for La2@C80, D3d or D2h? recomputation with ZORA methods within ADF. J Phys Chem C 111:7862–7867
van Lenthe E, Baerends EJ, Snijders JG (1993) Relativistic regular two-component Hamiltonians. J Chem Phys 99:4597–4610
van Lenthe E, Baerends EJ, Snijders JG (1994) Relativistic total energy using regular approximations. J Chem Phys 101:9783–9792
van Lenthe E, Ehlers AE, Baerends EJ (1999) Geometry optimizations in the zero order regular approximation for relativistic effects. J Chem Phys 110:8943–8953
Sun G, Kertesz M (2000) Theoretical 13C NMR spectra of IPR isomers of fullerenes C60, C70, C72, C74, C76, and C78 studied by density functional theory. J Phys Chem A104:7398–7403
Avent AG, Dubois D, Penicaud A, Taylor R (1997) The minor isomers and IR spectrum of [84]fullerene. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:1907–1910
Rappoport D, Furche F (2009) Structure of endohedral fullerene Eu@C74. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:6353–6358
Acknowledgments
Tian would like to thank National Natural Science Foundation of China (21001019) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT12LK26). C.H. would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21036006 and 21137001). The results were obtained on the ScGrid of Supercomputing Center, Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, D., Ren, S. & Hao, C. Dynamic motion of La atom inside the C74 (D 3h) cage: a relativistic DFT study. J Mol Model 19, 1591–1596 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-012-1703-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-012-1703-x