Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Facial emotion perception by intensity in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Difficulties in the recognition of emotions in expressive faces have been reported in people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). However, while low-intensity expressive faces are frequent in everyday life, nothing is known about their ability to perceive facial emotions depending on the intensity of expression. Through a visual matching task, children and adolescents with 22q11.2DS as well as gender- and age-matched healthy participants were asked to categorise the emotion of a target face among six possible expressions. Static pictures of morphs between neutrality and expressions were used to parametrically manipulate the intensity of the target face. In comparison to healthy controls, results showed higher perception thresholds (i.e. a more intense expression is needed to perceive the emotion) and lower accuracy for the most expressive faces indicating reduced categorisation abilities in the 22q11.2DS group. The number of intrusions (i.e. each time an emotion is perceived as another one) and a more gradual perception performance indicated smooth boundaries between emotional categories. Correlational analyses with neuropsychological and clinical measures suggested that reduced visual skills may be associated with impaired categorisation of facial emotions. Overall, the present study indicates greater difficulties for children and adolescents with 22q11.2DS to perceive an emotion in low-intensity expressive faces. This disability is subtended by emotional categories that are not sharply organised. It also suggests that these difficulties may be associated with impaired visual cognition, a hallmark of the cognitive deficits observed in the syndrome. These data yield promising tracks for future experimental and clinical investigations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Botto LD, May K, Fernhoff PM et al (2003) A population-based study of the 22q11. 2 deletion: phenotype, incidence, and contribution to major birth defects in the population. Pediatrics 112:101–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Shprintzen RJ (2008) Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: 30 Years of study. Dev Disabil Res Rev 14:3–10

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gothelf D, Frisch A, Munitz H et al (1999) Clinical characteristics of schizophrenia associated with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Schizophr Res 35:105–112. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00114-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Eliez S, Schmitt JE, White CD, Reiss AL (2000) Children and adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome: a volumetric MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 157:409–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Simon TJ, Ding L, Bish JP et al (2005) Volumetric, connective, and morphologic changes in the brains of children with chromosome 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: an integrative study. Neuroimage 25:169–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Barnea-Goraly N, Eliez S, Menon V et al (2005) Arithmetic ability and parietal alterations: a diffusion tensor imaging study in Velocardiofacial syndrome. Cogn Brain Res 25:735–740. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Van Amelsvoort T, Daly E, Robertson D et al (2001) Structural brain abnormalities associated with deletion at chromosome 22q11 Quantitative neuroimaging study of adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 178:412–419. doi:10.1192/bjp.178.5.412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Eliez S, Schmitt JE, White CD et al (2001) A quantitative MRI study of posterior fossa development in velocardiofacial syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 49:540–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Eliez S, Barnea-Goraly N, Schmitt JE et al (2002) Increased basal ganglia volumes in velo-cardio-facial syndrome (deletion 22q11. 2). Biol Psychiatry 52:68–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kates WR, Burnette CP, Bessette BA et al (2004) Frontal and caudate alterations in velocardiofacial syndrome (deletion at chromosome 22q11. 2). J Child Neurol 19:337–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kates WR, Miller AM, Abdulsabur N et al (2006) Temporal lobe anatomy and psychiatric symptoms in velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11. 2 deletion syndrome). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:587–595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Campbell LE, Daly E, Toal F et al (2006) Brain and behaviour in children with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: a volumetric and voxel-based morphometry MRI study. Brain 129:1218–1228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Schaer M, Eric Schmitt J, Glaser B et al (2006) Abnormal patterns of cortical gyrification in velo-cardio-facial syndrome (deletion 22q11.2): an MRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 146:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.10.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gothelf D, Penniman L, Gu E et al (2007) Developmental trajectories of brain structure in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 96:72–81. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.021

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dufour F, Schaer M, Debbané M et al (2008) Cingulate gyral reductions are related to low executive functioning and psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropsychologia 46:2986–2992. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bearden CE, van Erp TGM, Dutton RA et al (2009) Alterations in midline cortical thickness and gyrification patterns mapped in children with 22q11.2 deletions. Cereb Cortex 19:115–126. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn064

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Flahault A, Schaer M, Ottet M-C et al (2012) Hippocampal volume reduction in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS): a longitudinal study of morphometry and symptomatology. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 203:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.09.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jansen PW, Duijff SN, Beemer FA et al (2007) Behavioral problems in relation to intelligence in children with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: a matched control study. Am J Med Genet A 143:574–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Niklasson L, Rasmussen P, Óskarsdóttir S, Gillberg C (2001) Neuropsychiatric disorders in the 22q11 deletion syndrome. Genet Med 3:79–84. doi:10.1097/00125817-200101000-00017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Shprintzen RJ (2000) Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a distinctive behavioral phenotype. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 6:142–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Swillen A, Vandeputte L, Cracco J et al (1999) Neuropsychological, learning and psychosocial profile of primary school aged children with the velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11 deletion): evidence for a nonverbal learning disability? Child Neuropsychol 5:230–241. doi:10.1076/0929-7049(199912)05:04;1-R;FT230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Woodin M, Wang PP, Aleman D et al (2001) Neuropsychological profile of children and adolescents with the 22q11.2 microdeletion. Genet Med 3:34–39. doi:10.1097/00125817-200101000-00008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Eliez S, Palacio-Espasa F, Spira A et al (2000) Young children with Velo-Cardio-Facial syndrome (CATCH-22). Psychological and language phenotypes. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 9:109–114. doi:10.1007/s007870050005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Swillen A, Vogels A, Devriendt K, Fryns J-P (2000) Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome: update and review of the clinical features, cognitive-behavioral spectrum, and psychiatric complications. Am J Med Genet 97:128–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Feinstein C, Eliez S, Blasey C, Reiss AL (2002) Psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems in children with velocardiofacial syndrome: usefulness as phenotypic indicators of schizophrenia risk. Biol Psychiatry 51:312–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Antshel KM, Fremont W, Roizen NJ et al (2006) ADHD, major depressive disorder, and simple phobias are prevalent psychiatric conditions in youth with velocardiofacial syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:596–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Green T, Gothelf D, Glaser B et al (2009) Psychiatric disorders and intellectual functioning throughout development in velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48:1060–1068. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b76683

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fabbro A, Rizzi E, Schneider M et al (2012) Depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21:379–385. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0273-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Jolin EM, Weller RA, Weller EB (2012) Occurrence of affective disorders compared to other psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. J Affect Disord 136:222–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Shashi V, Veerapandiyan A, Schoch K et al (2012) Social skills and associated psychopathology in children with chromosome 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: implications for interventions. J Intellect Disabil Res 56:865–878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fine SE, Weissman A, Gerdes M et al (2005) Autism spectrum disorders and symptoms in children with molecularly confirmed 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 35:461–470

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Vorstman JA, Morcus ME, Duijff SN et al (2006) The 22q11. 2 deletion in children: high rate of autistic disorders and early onset of psychotic symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:1104–1113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Antshel KM, Aneja A, Strunge L et al (2007) Autistic spectrum disorders in velo-cardio facial syndrome (22q11. 2 deletion). J Autism Dev Disord 37:1776–1786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Murphy KC (2002) Schizophrenia and velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Lancet 359:426–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Baker KD, Skuse DH (2005) Adolescents and young adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome: psychopathology in an at-risk group. Br J Psychiatry 186:115–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jalbrzikowski M, Carter C, Senturk D et al (2012) Social cognition in 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: relevance to psychosis? Schizophr Res 142:99–107. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.007

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Schneider M, Schaer M, Mutlu AK et al (2014) Clinical and cognitive risk factors for psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a transversal and longitudinal approach. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23:425–436. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0469-8

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tang SX, Yi JJ, Calkins ME et al (2014) Psychiatric disorders in 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome are prevalent but undertreated. Psychol Med 44:1267–1277

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Debbané M, Glaser B, David MK et al (2006) Psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: neuropsychological and behavioral implications. Schizophr Res 84:187–193. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gothelf D, Feinstein C, Thompson T et al (2007) Risk factors for the emergence of psychotic disorders in adolescents with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 164:663–669

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Stoddard J, Niendam T, Hendren R et al (2010) Attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis in adolescents with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Schizophr Res 118:118–121. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.011

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Schneider M, Van der Linden M, Glaser B et al (2012) Preliminary structure and predictive value of attenuated negative symptoms in 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Psychiatry Res 196:277–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Murphy KC (2005) Annotation: velo-cardio-facial syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:563–571. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00408.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Karayiorgou M, Simon TJ, Gogos JA (2010) 22q11. 2 microdeletions: linking DNA structural variation to brain dysfunction and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 11:402–416

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Xu B, Roos JL, Levy S et al (2008) Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with sporadic schizophrenia. Nat Genet 40:880–885

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bassett AS, Scherer SW, Brzustowicz LM (2010) Copy number variations in schizophrenia: critical review and new perspectives on concepts of genetics and disease. Am J Psychiatry 167:899–914. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09071016

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bassett AS, Chow EW, AbdelMalik P et al (2003) The schizophrenia phenotype in 22q11 deletion syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 160:1580–1586

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Monks S, Niarchou M, Davies AR et al (2014) Further evidence for high rates of schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Schizophr Res 153:231–236. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.01.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Henry JC, Van Amelsvoort T, Morris RG et al (2002) An investigation of the neuropsychological profile in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS). Neuropsychologia 40:471–478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lajiness-O’Neill RR, Beaulieu I, Titus JB et al (2005) Memory and learning in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: evidence for ventral and dorsal stream disruption? Child Neuropsychol 11:55–71. doi:10.1080/09297040590911202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lewandowski KE, Shashi V, Berry PM, Kwapil TR (2007) Schizophrenic-like neurocognitive deficits in children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144:27–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Swillen A, Devriendt K, Legius E et al (1997) Intelligence and psychosocial adjustment in velocardiofacial syndrome: a study of 37 children and adolescents with VCFS. J Med Genet 34:453–458

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Moss EM, Batshaw ML, Solot CB et al (1999) Psychoeducational profile of the 22q11. 2 microdeletion: a complex pattern. J Pediatr 134:193–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bearden CE, Woodin MF, Wang PP et al (2001) The neurocognitive phenotype of the 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: selective deficit in visual-spatial memory. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 23:447–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. De Smedt B, Devriendt K, Fryns J-P et al (2007) Intellectual abilities in a large sample of children with Velo–Cardio–facial syndrome: an update. J Intellect Disabil Res 51:666–670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sobin C, Kiley-Brabeck K, Daniels S et al (2005) Neuropsychological characteristics of children with the 22q11 deletion syndrome: a descriptive analysis. Child Neuropsychol 11:39–53

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Simon TJ (2008) A new account of the neurocognitive foundations of impairments in space, time, and number processing in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Dev Disabil Res Rev 14:52–58. doi:10.1002/ddrr.8

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Eliez S, Blasey CM, Schmitt EJ et al (2001) Velocardiofacial syndrome: are structural changes in the temporal and mesial temporal regions related to schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry 158:447–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Gothelf D, Schaer M, Eliez S (2008) Genes, brain development and psychiatric phenotypes in velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Dev Disabil Res Rev 14:59–68. doi:10.1002/ddrr.9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Schaer M, Debbané M, Bach Cuadra M et al (2009) Deviant trajectories of cortical maturation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS): a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 115:182–190. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Debbané M, Lazouret M, Lagioia A et al (2012) Resting-state networks in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: associations with prodromal symptoms and executive functions. Schizophr Res 139:33–39. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.05.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. McCabe K, Rich D, Loughland CM et al (2011) Visual scanpath abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: is this a face specific deficit? Psychiatry Res 189:292–298. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Campbell LE, Stevens AF, McCabe K et al (2011) Is theory of mind related to social dysfunction and emotional problems in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (velo-cardio-facial syndrome)? J Neurodev Disord 3:152–161. doi:10.1007/s11689-011-9082-7

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Campbell L, McCabe K, Leadbeater K et al (2010) Visual scanning of faces in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: attention to the mouth or the eyes? Psychiatry Res 177:211–215. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.06.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. McCabe KL, Melville JL, Rich D et al (2013) Divergent patterns of social cognition performance in autism and 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). J Autism Dev Disord 43:1926–1934

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Glaser B, Debbané M, Ottet M-C et al (2010) Eye gaze during face processing in children and adolescents with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:665–674

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Haxby JV, Hoffman EA, Gobbini MI (2000) The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn Sci 4:223–233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Glaser B, Schaer M, Berney S et al (2007) Structural changes to the fusiform gyrus: a cerebral marker for social impairments in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome? Schizophr Res 96:82–86. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.08.016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Van Amelsvoort T, Schmitz N, Daly E et al (2006) Processing facial emotions in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome: functional magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Psychiatry 189:560–561. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.019876

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Andersson F, Glaser B, Spiridon M et al (2008) Impaired activation of face processing networks revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 63:49–57. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ekman P, Friesen WV, Ellsworth P (1972) Emotion in the human face: guidelines for research and an integration of findings. Pergamon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  72. Etcoff NL, Magee JJ (1992) Categorical perception of facial expressions. Cognition 44:227–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Calder AJ, Young AW, Perrett DI et al (1996) Categorical perception of morphed facial expressions. Vis Cogn 3:81–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Young AW, Rowland D, Calder AJ et al (1997) Facial expression megamix: tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition. Cognition 63:271–313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Schneider M, Van der Linden M, Menghetti S et al (2014) Predominant negative symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and their associations with cognitive functioning and functional outcome. J Psychiatr Res 48:86–93. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Baudouin J-Y, Martin F, Tiberghien G et al (2002) Selective attention to facial emotion and identity in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 40:503–511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Martin F, Baudouin J-Y, Tiberghien G, Franck N (2005) Processing emotional expression and facial identity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 134:43–53. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kay SR, Flszbein A, Opfer LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wechsler D (2005) WISC IV—Echelle d’intelligence de Wechsler pour enfants et adolescents—Quatrième Edition. ECPA, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  80. Weschler D (2011) WAIS IV—Nouvelle version de l’échelle d’intelligence de Wechsler pour adultes—Quatrième édition. ECPA, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  81. Wechsler D (2001) MEM-III: Echelle clinique de mémoire de Wechsler—Troisième édition. ECPA, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  82. Wallon P, Mesmin C (2009) Test de la figure complexe de Rey. ECPA, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  83. Benton AL, Hamsher KD, Varney NR, Spreen O (1983) Judgment of line orientation. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  84. Brickenkamp R (1998) Test d’attention concentrée-d2. ECPA, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  85. Chambon V, Baudouin J-Y, Franck N (2006) The role of configural information in facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 44:2437–2444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Durand K, Gallay M, Seigneuric A et al (2007) The development of facial emotion recognition: the role of configural information. J Exp Child Psychol 97:14–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kim H, Somerville LH, Johnstone T et al (2003) Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. NeuroReport 14:2317–2322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kim H, Somerville L, Johnstone T et al (2004) Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. J Cogn Neurosci 16:1730–1745

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Vernet M, Baudouin J-Y, Franck N (2008) Facial emotion space in schizophrenia. Cognit Neuropsychiatry 13:59–73. doi:10.1080/13546800701795228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Giersch A, Glaser B, Pasca C et al (2014) Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are impaired at explicit, but not implicit, discrimination of local forms embedded in global structures. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 119:261–275. doi:10.1352/1944-7558-119.3.261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Antshel KM, Peebles J, AbdulSabur N et al (2008) Associations between performance on the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and regional brain volumes in children with and without velocardiofacial syndrome. Dev Neuropsychol 33:601–622

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Todd JJ, Marois R (2004) Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex. Nature 428:751–754. doi:10.1038/nature02466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kiley-Brabeck K, Sobin C (2006) Social skills and executive function deficits in children with the 22q11 deletion syndrome. Appl Neuropsychol 13:258–268

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ochsner KN (2008) The social-emotional processing stream: five core constructs and their translational potential for schizophrenia and beyond. Biol Psychiatry 64:48–61. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.024

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Demily C, Weiss T, Desmurget M et al (2011) Recognition of self-generated facial emotions is impaired in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 23:189–193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank all the participants and their families who generously participated in the study. They also wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on previous versions of the paper. This research was funded by the “Conseil Scientifique de la Recherche” of Le Vinatier Psychiatric Hospital in Lyon, France.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Équipe Éthologie Développementale et Psychologie Cognitive, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E Boulevard Jeanne d’Arc, 21000, Dijon, France

    Arnaud Leleu & Jean-Yves Baudouin

  2. Centre de dépistage et de prises en charge des troubles psychiatriques d’origine génétique, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, BP 30039, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69678, Bron Cedex, France

    Guillaume Saucourt, Caroline Rigard, Gabrielle Chesnoy & Caroline Demily

  3. Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive UMR 5229 (CNRS et Université Lyon 1), Bron, France

    Guillaume Saucourt, Caroline Rigard, Gabrielle Chesnoy, Nicolas Franck & Caroline Demily

  4. Service Universitaire de Réhabilitation, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France

    Gabrielle Chesnoy & Nicolas Franck

  5. Hospices Civils de Lyon, service de génétique et centre de référence des anomalies du développement, GHE, Lyon, France

    Massimiliano Rossi & Patrick Edery

  6. Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028, UMR CNRS 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France

    Massimiliano Rossi & Patrick Edery

Authors
  1. Arnaud Leleu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guillaume Saucourt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Caroline Rigard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gabrielle Chesnoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jean-Yves Baudouin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Massimiliano Rossi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Patrick Edery
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Nicolas Franck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Caroline Demily
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Arnaud Leleu or Caroline Demily.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Leleu, A., Saucourt, G., Rigard, C. et al. Facial emotion perception by intensity in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 25, 297–310 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0741-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0741-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation