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Diagnostik des malignen Melanoms

Diagnostics of malignant melanomas

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Zusammenfassung

Weltweit steigt die Inzidenz beim malignen Melanom. Hingegen sinkt die durchschnittliche Tumordicke als wichtigster prognostischer Faktor für Morbidität und Mortalität deutlich. Die Früherkennung ist bisher mangels therapeutischen Möglichkeiten im fortgeschrittenen Stadium die bestmögliche und kostengünstigste Therapie. Melanome wachsen, bis auf das in wenigen Wochen rasch anwachsende noduläre Melanom, im Anfangsstadium eher über Monate. Gut umsetzbare diagnostische Algorithmen für Melanome der Haut, Nägel und Schleimhäute sind etabliert. Amelanotische Melanome sowie Melanome des Augenbereichs und während oder kurz nach der Schwangerschaft auftretende Melanome sind diagnostisch eine Herausforderung. Die Kenntnis des großen Bereichs der Differenzialdiagnosen pigmentierter und nichtpigmentierter Hauttumoren ist hierbei eine wesentliche Voraussetzung. Der Einsatz der Dermatoskopie, teils mit Verlaufskontrollen innerhalb von 3 Monaten, verbessert die klinische diagnostische Treffsicherheit um bis zu 30%. Seit Juli 2008 ist ein klinischer Hautcheck ab dem 35. Lebensjahr für gesetzlich versicherte Patienten jedes 2. Jahr möglich, was die Eigenverantwortung der Selbstuntersuchung nicht ersetzen darf.

Abstract

The incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing worldwide, but the median tumour thickness as the main prognostic factor concerning morbidity and mortality is decreasing significantly. Because effective therapies in advanced stages of the disease are lacking, early detection of primary melanomas is the best and most cost-effective approach. With the exception of the fast-growing nodular melanoma (over a few weeks), the growth of initial melanomas takes months. Useful diagnostic algorithms for melanoma of the skin, nails, and mucosa have been established. Amelanotic melanoma as well as melanoma of the eye area and melanoma during or after pregnancy are diagnostic challenges, so knowledge of the high number of differential diagnoses for pigmented and nonpigmented skin tumours is essential. The use of dermoscopy, sometimes combined with the 3-month follow-up, increases the clinical diagnostic accuracy up to 30%. Since July 2008, a clinical skin check has been possible for patients covered by government health insurance from the age of 35 years and then every other year. However, individuals must still take responsibility for regular self-examination of their skin.

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Blum, A. Diagnostik des malignen Melanoms. Onkologe 15, 744–749 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-009-1633-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-009-1633-0

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