Abstract
Detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) are carbon-based nanomaterials that are among the most promising nanoparticles available for biomedical applications so far. This is due to their biocompatibility, which could be contributed to their inert core and conformable surface nature. However, DNDs cytotoxicity for urothelial cells and the routes of their internalization remains an open question in the aspect of nanodiamond surface. We therefore analyzed four types of DNDs for cytotoxicity and internalization with normal urothelial cells and two types of cancer urothelial cell lines in vitro. Viability of any of the cell types we used was not compromised with any of four DNDs we evaluated after 24-, 48- and 72-h incubation in three different concentrations of DNDs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that all four types of DNDs were endocytosed into all three types of urothelial cells tested here. We observed DNDs in endosomes, as well as in multivesicular bodies and multilamellar bodies. These results propose using of DNDs as a delivery system for urological applications in human nanomedicine.
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Acknowledgements
Authors would like to dedicate this communication in the honor of Assoc. Prof. Lilyana Pramatarova. She collaborated with us within bilateral project between Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (L.P.) and Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (A.I.) from the beginning of this study, but sadly passed away during the manuscript preparation. We are grateful for her cooperation, enthusiasm and support. Prof. Brett Paull, Prof. Pavel Nesterenko and Dr. Ashley Townsend are personally acknowledged for their ideas and cooperation. We acknowledge financial support from the P2-0232, P3-0108 and J3-7494 projects of the Slovenian Research Agency ARRS. Production and characterization of the nanodiamond samples used in this work was supported by a grant from the Australian Research Council (DP110102046) to UTAS.
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Zupančič, D., Kreft, M.E., Grdadolnik, M. et al. Detonation nanodiamonds are promising nontoxic delivery system for urothelial cells. Protoplasma 255, 419–423 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1146-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1146-4