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Genetically distinct genogroup IV norovirus strains identified in wastewater

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Abstract

We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of genogroup IV norovirus (GIV NoV) strains in wastewater in Arizona, United States, over a 13-month period. Among 50 wastewater samples tested, GIV NoVs were identified in 13 (26 %) of the samples. A total of 47 different GIV NoV strains were identified, which were classified into two genetically distinct clusters: the GIV.1 human cluster and a unique genetic cluster closely related to strains previously identified in Japanese wastewater. The results provide additional evidence of the considerable genetic diversity among GIV NoV strains through the analysis of wastewater containing virus strains shed from all populations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Kelly Reynolds at the University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health for her laboratory contributions, and two anonymous wastewater treatment plants in southern Arizona for providing wastewater samples. This study was partly supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center and Water Resources Research Center (WRRC), the University of Arizona. We also wish to acknowledge the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to Masaaki Kitajima, under JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad. Andri T. Rachmadi was a recipient of a 2012 Fulbright Master of Science and Technology Scholarship.

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  1. Brandon C. Iker

    Present address: Amway, 7575 Fulton Street East, Ada, MI, 49355-0001, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan

    Masaaki Kitajima & Andri T. Rachmadi

  2. Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA

    Brandon C. Iker & Charles P. Gerba

  3. Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan

    Eiji Haramoto

Authors
  1. Masaaki Kitajima
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  2. Andri T. Rachmadi
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  3. Brandon C. Iker
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  4. Eiji Haramoto
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  5. Charles P. Gerba
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Correspondence to Masaaki Kitajima.

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Kitajima, M., Rachmadi, A.T., Iker, B.C. et al. Genetically distinct genogroup IV norovirus strains identified in wastewater. Arch Virol 161, 3521–3525 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-3036-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-3036-z

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