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Analysis of morphological characters of Chara baltica, C. hispida, C. horrida, and C. rudis from Europe

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Abstract

Morphological characters of Chara baltica, C. hispida, C. horrida, and C. rudis from different localities in Central Europe and Scandinavia were analyzed. The plants were preliminarily classified using specific qualitative features into four species: C. baltica, C. hispida, C. horrida, and C. rudis. Of the 14 characters, all were used in principal-component and cluster analyses, and 12 were applied in a discriminant analysis. In the discriminant analysis, the most useful characters for distinguishing particular species were selected. The methods (canonical discriminant and canonical analyses) used herein offered good differentiation between brackish water species C. horrida and C. baltica and fresh water species C. hispida and C. rudis. The analysis showed that the two morphologically very similar species C. hispida and C. rudis are only partially distinguished.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank all the curators of the herbaria for help in collecting the data and especially Ruth Nielsen from the Botanical Museum and Library in Copenhagen. Further, I wish to thank my wife and whole family for their patience and support during my work on this paper. This study was financially supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, project number N N303 506238.

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  1. Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland

    Jacek Urbaniak

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Appendix

Appendix

Chara baltica

Denmark: Ketting Nor, 54°58′24″N, 9°52′12″E, G. Bruntse (C); Møllebugten, Lindelse Nor, 54°51′71″N, 10°42′66″E, N. Rask (C); Lindelse Nor, 54°53′57″N, 10°42′66″E, N. Rask (C); Dybsø Fjord, 55°07′84″N, 11°46′07″E, R. Nielsen, K. Johansen (C); Præstø Fjord, Leestrup Strand, 55°10′20”N, 12°03′02”E, R. Nielsen, K. Johansen (C); Præstø Fjord, Feddet, ved campingplads, 55°10′21”N, 12°03′02”E, R. Nielsen, K. Johansen (C); Dybsø Fjord, Sydvestlige løb, ved udløbet af fjorden, 55°08′N, 11°46′E, R. Nielsen, K. Johansen (C); Dybsø Fjord, Vest, 55°08′N, 11°46′E, J. Andersson and J. Deding (C); Saltholm, 55°40′01”N, 12°44′45”E, R. Nielsen (C); Doverkil NE of Bodum, T. Christensen (C); Sjælland, Præstø Fjord, N of Hollænderskoven, T. Christensen (C); Dybsø Fjord, 55°08′N, 11°44′E, Ø. Moestrup (C); Dybsø Fjord, 55°07′78″N, 11°45′76″E, J. Andersson and J. Deding (C); Saltholm, 55°39′51″N, 12°43′89″E, L. Hansen (C); Stavns Fjord, 56°53′42″N, 10°37′07″E, D. Hansen (C); Lolland, Nakskov Fjord, Th. Mortensen (C); Guldborgsund, Egense strand (C); Jungshoved, 55°07′N, 12°11′E, H. Nielsen, H. Nielsen (C); Præstø Fjord, 55°09′N, 12°03′E, H. Nielsen (C);Sjælland, Glænø, 55°11′N, 11°27′E, P. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Skælskør, P. Nielsen (C); Saltholm, E. Fjerdingstad (C); Sjælland, Glænø Fjord, P. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Holsteinborg Nor, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Bornholm, Rønne Havnefyr, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Samsø, Besser Rev S-part, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Sjælland, Dybsø Fjord, 55°08′N, 11°46′E, Feddersen (C); Fyn, grundene udfor Nakkebølle Fjord, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Fyn, Fåborg, Dyreborg, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Sjælland, Skelskør Nor, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Lolland, Nakskov Fjord near Nakskov, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Svenborg Sund, between Skårø and Tåsinge, 55°00′N, 10°30′E, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Bornholm, Rønne Havn, revet S for indsejlingen, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Lolland, Nakskov Fjord, A. Seidelin Raunkier (C); Bornholm, Rønne, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Amager, Kalvebod Strand, J. Lange (C); Sjælland, Præstø, Even Sø, A. Seidelin Raunkier (C); Falster, Guldborgsund, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Fyn, grundene udfor Nakkebølle Fjord, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Fyn, Fåborg, Horne Land, Bøjden Nor (C); Jylland, Randers Fjord, W of Gjesinggård Skov, C. Kruuse (C); Limfjorden, Thy, Bodum, Doverkil, T. Christensen (C); Sjælland, Korsør Nor, C. Kruuse (C); Saltholm (C); Sjælland, Præstø Fjord, A. Seidelin Raunkier (C); Sjælland, Dybsø Fjord, 55°08′N, 11°46′E, Knud Larsen (C); Sjælland, Gaunø, Ø. Moestrup (C); Sjælland, Korsør, Tjæreby Nor, P. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Korsør Nor, P. Nielsen (C); Falster, Guldborgsund, Flatø S of Nykøbing, ? (C); Møn, Nyord, V. Henningsen (C); Lolland, Nakskov Fjord, Th. Mortensen (C); Falster, Guldborgsund by Vennerslund, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Falster, Guldborgsund, Nykøbing by the bridge, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Sjælland, Dybsø Fjord, 55°08′N, 11°46′E, Feddersen (C); Sjælland, Snedinge, P. Nielsen (C); Saltholm nær anløbsbroen, S. Lund (C); Sjælland, Skelskør, Mellemnoret, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Fjorby Mor, Skjelskor, P. Nielsen (WRSL); Glonoa auf Seeland in den Buchten den grossen Belt, R. Nielsen (WRSL). Finland: Danskogfladan, shore of Båtholmen, Danskog, Tammisaari, 59°53′41″N, 23°23′60″E, R. Munsterhjelm (C); Ekholmsfladen, Danskog, N. Tammisaari, 59°54′1″N, 23°21′0″E, R. Munsterhjelm (C); Tvärminne, I. Nicolaisen (C); Ängholm, Pojoviken, H. Nielsen (C). Germany: Slesvig, Slien by Louisenlund, Th. Schiötz (C); Pommern, Greifswald, L. Holtz (C); Rügen, Zicker-See, P. Sydow (C); Jasmunder Boden in Ostsee, A. Braun (WRSL); Insel Ruegen, A. Braun (WRSL); Ruegen im Zucke See, P. Sydov (WRSL); Jasmund auf Ruegen, ? (WRSL). Norway: In lacu Gilsvanvel prope Chrostiansund, O. Nordstedt (WRSL). Poland: Puck bay, Klinsmann (KRAM); Danzig, C. Baenitz (GLM); Baltic Sea near Puck, Klinsmann (LD); Baltic Sea near Puck, Klinsmann (W); Puck bay, J. Malicki (LBL); Zatoka bay near Puck, J. Malicki (LBL); Puck in a Puck bay, A. and J. Kornaś (KRA); Baltic Sea near Gdańsk, Klinsmann (KRA); Puck bay, A. and J. Kornaś (KRA); at shallow botom near Osłonino in Puck bay, A. and J. Kornaś (KRA); Gdańsk, near Westerplatte, C. Baenitz (WRSL); near Gdańsk, Klinsmann (GTB); Baltic Sea near Gdańsk, Klinsmann (H). Sweden: Bridge, just south of 55°32′00″N, 12°54′21″E, M.B. Rasmussen and R. Nielsen (C); Skåne, Gråen, A. Tullberg (C); Gotland by Baltic Sea, O. Westöö (C); Småland, Westerum, Ytterhult, N.J. Scheutz (C); Småland, Westerum, Gellerskullaviken, E. Wahlen (C); Småland, Vestervig, N.J. Scheutz (C); Öster Götlands skärgård, J. Wallman (C); Blekinge, Karlshamn, Enskäret, Ø. Moestrup (C); Baltic Sea, ? (C); Øland, ? (C); Skåne, Gråen, M. Lønnegren (C); Skåne, Klagehamn, D. Hylmö (C); Skåne, Bunkeflo, D. Hylmö (C); Skåne, Hvellinge, Foteviken, Ø. Moestrup (C); Skåne, Trelleborg, harbour, Ø. Moestrup (C); Skåne, Malmö near the harbour, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Blekinge, Karlshamn, Enskär, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Småland, Ytterhultsmar, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Upland, Roslag, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Blekinge, Karlshamn, Enskär, Ø. Moestrup (C); Skåne, Hvellinge, Fotevik, Ø. Moestrup (C); In sinu marino Ytterhultsmar Smolandiae, Wahlstedt (WRSL); Lindo, Ostrogothie, Elmquist (WRSL); in scopulo Enskau pr. Karlshamn, Blekingiae, Wahlstedt (WRSL); ile Lindo, mer Baltique, Elmquist (WRSL); in Mare Baltico, Wahlstedt (WRSL).

Chara hispida

Denmark: Jylland, Vandplasken, Vendsyssel, 57°31′5″N, 09°52′8″E, P. Wind (C); Sjælland, Gladsaxe, Fedtmosen, 55°45′N, 12°26′E, H. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Glænø, 55°11′N, 11°27′E, P. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Præstø Fjord, Feddet, 55°09′N, 12°05′E, E. Warming (C); Kerteminde Fjord, 55°27′N, 10°39′E, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge (C); Stavreby Nor, Jungshoved Kirke, 55°05′N, 12°07′E, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge (C); bog S of Ballen, S. Lund (C); peat bog near Hedenstedt, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge (C); peat bog Otterup, C. Rosenberg (C); pool at Einsidelbord, C. Rosenberg (C); peat bog Hasmark, M. T. Lange (C); pool ad Midskovpit at Hannesborg, M. T. Lange (C); pit at Lyo, M. T. Lange (C); marl pi at Burso, A. Seidelin Raunkier (C); peat pi at Rasted, K. Larsen (C); pits near Naes, J. Lollike (C); peat bog at Mogenstrup, A. Seidelin Raunkier (C); peat bog Mullerup, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge (C); peat pit near Glænø, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge (C); near Lille Lyngby, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge (C); ditch at Koberdame, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge (C); bog at Ullerup Skov, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge (C). Germany: Ragynln, Fuchs (WRSL); Todtenlahe, Mesot (WRSL); Schlewsingen, Koppen (WRSL); Waghangse in Baden, A. Braun (WRSL); Waghaeusel, A. Braun (WRSL); Doebeuer Teich b. Guartam, A. Braun (WRSL); Rudower Wiesen (Berlin), A. Braun (WRSL); peat bogs near Ruedersdorf, ? (WRSL); Potsdam, Acherson (WRSL); Usedom, P. Sydov (WRSL); Nauen, P. Sydov (WRSL); meadows near Britzer, P. Sydov (WRSL); Steinitzsee near Tadtdorf, P. Sydov (WRSL); pond in Salem near Baden, Jack (WRSL); peat bogs near Tasdorf (Berlin), Fritsche (WRSL); Edeberg, ? (WRSL); Greifswald, Karbler (WRSL); river near Lauterbach, J. Urbaniak (JU). Poland: Szczecinek, Lobker and Holty (LD); Gryfino, L. Holty (LD); peat pit near Kamieniec (LD); Lake Sumin, J. Malicki and K. Karczmarz (LBL); Lake Rogóźno, J. Malicki (LBL); Skorocice k. Buska, R. Ochyra (LBL); Lake Uściwierz, J. Malicki and K. Karczmarz (LBL); Lake Drążynek, I. Dąmbska (LBL); clay pit near Górczyn, I. Dąmbska (LBL); Lake Białe, K. Karczmarz (LBL); Lake Boczne, Rogalska (WA); Lake Dowcień, Rogalska (WA); Lake Krzyżackie, Rogalska (WA); Piotrowice Wielkie, ? (WRSL); peat bog near Kontop, distr. Zielona Góra, ? (WRSL); Lake Sławskie near Sława, Limpricht (WRSL); Lake Serwy near Płaska, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Jegliniszki near Wiżajny, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Wysokie near Wiżajny, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Pobłędzie near Wiżajny, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Piękne near Sejny, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Tobołowo near Kopanica, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Gorczyckie near Płaska, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Studziennicze, J. Urbaniak (JU). Sweden: Aekaryp, O. Nordstedt (WRSL); Lackalange, Wahlstedt (WRSL).

Chara horrida

Denmark: Sjælland, C.Rosenberg (C); Næstved, Gaunø, Susåen, K. Larsen (C); Gaunø, Susåen, Th. Mortensen (C); bay at Susåen, P. Nielsen (C); see in Gaunø, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); pit at Sjælland, P. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Næstved, Gaunø, Vejløbugten, ? (C); Sjælland, Næstved, Gaunø, Gaunøbugten, P. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Dybsø Fjord, 55°08′N, 11°46′E, K. Larsen (C); Lolland, Nakskov Fjord, Th. Mortensen (C); Sjælland, Glænø, 55°11′N, 11°27′E, P. Nielsen (C); Falster, Guldborgsund ved Nykøbing, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Sjælland, Skelskør, Borreby, ? (C); Fyn, Hofmansgave, i et inddæmmet vandhul, ? (C); Fyn, Hofmansgave, i inddæmmet vand, C. Rosenberg (C); Lolland, Nakskov Fjord, E. Rostrup (C); Sjælland, Præstø Fjord, 55°09′N, 12°03′E, S. Olsen (C); Falster, Vålse Inddæmning, ? (C); Falster, Guldborgsund, H. Ostenfeld (C); Sjælland, Næstved, by Gaunø, P. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Gaunø, O. Nordstedt (C); Sjælland, Gaunø, P. Nielsen (C); Sjælland, Skelskør, Borreby, O. Nordstedt (C); Sjælland, Gaunø, Susåen, P. Nielsen (C); Seeland, P. Nielsen (WRSL); bay at Gauno, P. Nielsen (WRSL); Hofmansgave, P. Nielsen (C); Naskskov Fjord, ? (C); Naskskov Inderjord, P. Nielsen (C); Naskskov Fjord, K. Larsen (C); Guldborgsund at Nykøbing, Th. Mortensen (C); Dybsofjord (C); Praesto Fjord, L.K. Rosenvinge (C); Susaa at Gauno, ? (C); Vejobguten at Gauno, ? (C); Hovvig, C.Rosenberg (C); Christanstaat, C.Rosenberg (C). Germany: Pommern, Barther Bodden near Barth. L. Holtz (C); Pommern, Ulsedamm, R. Ruthe (C). Sweden: Blekinge, Valje, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Blekinge, Walje, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Gotland, Skalsö, O. Nordstedt (C); Småland, Gällerskulla, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Blekinge, Skillinge, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Småland, Vestervik, L.J. Wahlstedt (C); Gotland, bay near Skalsö, O. Nordstedt (C); Skåne, Östersjön, Ib. Svensson (C); bay at Östersjön, Ib. Svensson (C); Småland, Kalmar, G. Tiselius (C); Småland, G. Tiselius (C); Blekinge, Valje, P. and Hj. Wijk (C); Solvsberg, L.J. Wahlstedt (WRSL); Blekingiae, L.J. Wahlstedt (WRSL); In mari ad Blekingiae, pr. Christianstadt, L.J. Wahlstedt (WRSL); In mari ad. Christianstadt, L.J. Wahlstedt (WRSL); bay in Skane, J. Urbaniak (JU); ?, J. Urbaniak (JU).

Chara rudis

Denmark: Blegsø, J. Iversen (C); Nors Sø, M. N. Nielsen (C); Flade Sø, M. N. Nielsen (C); Vilsted Sø, T. Jensen (C); Maribo Sø, C. H. Ostenfeld (C); Allindemagle, P. Nielsen (C); Sorte Sø, P. Nielsen (C); 0rsoløv, P. Nielsen (C); Dybesø, C. V. Otterstrom (C); pit at Rørvig, C. H. Ostenfeld (C); ditch at Fureso, C. H. Ostenfeld (C); peat pit near Lyngby, A. Seidelin Raunkier (C); Boserup, A. Seidelin Raunkier (C); Furesø, A. Seidelin Raunkier (C); Kobberdam, M. N. Nielsen (C); Gundsømagle Sø, C. Raunkier (C); Lille Seigdain, M. Hoff (C); Jonstrup Vang, M. Hoff (C); St. Seigdam, M. Hoff (C); Gentofte Sø, M. Hoff (C); Kattinge Sø, M. Hoff (C); Buresø, M. Hoff (C); Damhussøen, Fr. Svendsen (C). Germany: Lake Abetten, Riegenwalde, L. Holty (LD); pond near Ichenheim (Baden), Bauer and Leiner (WRSL); Lake Parsteiner near Roehlitz, Jahn (WRSL); Lake Parsteiner near Roehlitz, A. Braun (WRSL); ?, Magnus (WRSL); ?, Wahlstedt (WRSL); near Constanz, C. Sitzenberger (WRSL); Lake Hallstaetter, Stapf (WRSL); near Constanz, C. Sitzenberger (WRSL); Lake Plagen near Brodewitz, Jahn (WRSL); pond near Berchtesgaden in Bayern, C. Baenitz (WRSL). Poland: Lake Ełcke, C. Sanio (GLM); lake near Kożuchów, C. Sanio (GLM); small lake near Szczecinek, B. Schroeder (GTB); near Drawsko Pomorskie, Loebker and Holty (LD); Lake Sulęcin, L. Holty (LD); near small lake near Drawsko Pomorskie, Loebker and Holty (LD); lake south of Sulęcin, L. Holty (LD); Lake szczecineckie near Szczecinek, L. Holty (LD); near Bytów, Loebker and Holty (LD); near Strzelce Krajeńskie, L. Holty (LD); lake near Ełk, C. Sanio (LD); Lake Trześniowskie, L. Holty (LD); Lębork, Nolte (LD); small lake near Miastko, Loebker and Holty (LD); small lake near Szczecinek, L. Holty (LD); Lake Allbittel near Szczecinek, Loebker and Holty (LD); Lake Wigry, Rogalska (W); Lake Mamry near Guty, C. Baenitz (WRSL); Lake Blizno near Danowskie, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Blizno near camping site, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Pobłądzie, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Staw, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Perty, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Jegłówek, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Długie, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Brożane, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Studziennicze, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Staw Studzieniczny, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Skorzęcińskie, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Budzisławskie, J. Urbaniak (JU); Lake Hańcza, J. Urbaniak (JU).

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Urbaniak, J. Analysis of morphological characters of Chara baltica, C. hispida, C. horrida, and C. rudis from Europe. Plant Syst Evol 286, 209–221 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0301-6

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