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Cost-effective protocol to produce 3D-printed electrochemical devices using a 3D pen and lab-made filaments to ciprofloxacin sensing

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Abstract

A novel conductive filament based on graphite (Gr) dispersed in polylactic acid polymer matrix (PLA) is described to produce 3D-electrochemical devices (Gr/PLA). This conductive filament was used to additively manufacture electrochemical sensors using the 3D pen. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that Gr was successfully incorporated into PLA, achieving a composite material (40:60% w/w, Gr and PLA, respectively), while Raman and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of defects and a high porosity on the electrode surface, which contributes to improved electrochemical performance. The 3D-printed Gr/PLA electrode provided a more favorable charge transfer (335 Ω) than the conventional glassy carbon (1277 Ω) and 3D-printed Proto-pasta® (3750 Ω) electrodes. As a proof of concept, the ciprofloxacin antibiotic, a species of multiple interest, was selected as a model molecule. Thus, a square wave voltammetry (SWV) method was proposed in the potential range + 0.9 to + 1.3 V (vs Ag|AgCl|KCl(sat)), which provided a wide linear working range (2 to 32 µmol L−1), 1.79 µmol L−1 limit of detection (LOD), suitable precision (RSD < 7.9%), and recovery values from 94 to 109% when applied to pharmaceutical and milk samples. Additionally, the sensor is free from the interference of other antibiotics routinely employed in veterinary practices. This device is disposable, cost-effective, feasibly produced in financially limited laboratories, and consequently promising for evaluation of other antibiotic species in routine applications.

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The authors of the paper entitled “Cost-effective protocol to produce 3D-printed electrochemical devices using a 3D pen and lab-made filaments for ciprofloxacin sensing” declare that they are available to provide any information and data about this work upon request.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, process: 303815/2022-1 and 150604/2022-0), CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, financial code 001), FAPERJ ((E-26/211.465/2019, E-33/201.429/2022, E-26/205.806/2022, and 205.807/2022), and PROPESQ/UFJF.

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  1. Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil

    Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa, Wallace Burger Veríssimo de Oliveira, Raylla Santos Oliveira, Maria Auxiliadora Costa Matos & Renato Camargo Matos

  2. College of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, 79804-970, Brazil

    Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa

  3. Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, 24220-900, Brazil

    Lucas Vinícius de Faria & Rafael Machado Dornellas

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  1. Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
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Lisboa, T.P., de Faria, L.V., de Oliveira, W.B.V. et al. Cost-effective protocol to produce 3D-printed electrochemical devices using a 3D pen and lab-made filaments to ciprofloxacin sensing. Microchim Acta 190, 310 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-023-05892-y

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