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Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide films from Zn-C battery waste for the electrochemical determination of paracetamol and hydroquinone

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Abstract

Contributing to the development of sustainable electroanalytical chemistry, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) films obtained from residual graphite of discharged Zn-C batteries are proposed in this work. Graphite from the cathode of discarded Zn-C batteries was recovered and used in the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) by the modified Hummer’s method. The quality of the synthesized GO was verified using different characterization methods (FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM). GO films were deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by the drop coating method and then electrochemically reduced by cathodic potential scanning using cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical features of the ERGO films were investigated using the ferricyanide redox probe, as well as paracetamol (PAR) and hydroquinone (HQ) molecules as model analytes. From the cyclic voltammetry assays, enhanced heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (k0) were observed for all redox systems studied. In analytical terms, the ERGO-based electrode showed higher analytical sensitivity than the bare and GO-modified GCE. Using differential pulse voltammetry, wide linear response ranges and limits of detection of 0.14 μmol L−1 and 0.65 μmol L−1 were achieved for PAR and HQ, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to the determination of PAR and HQ in synthetic urine and tap water samples (recoveries close to 100%). The outstanding electrochemical and analytical properties of the proposed ERGO films are added to the very low cost of the raw material, being presented as a green-based alternative for the development of electrochemical (bio)sensors with unsophisticated resources.

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The authors are grateful to UFV/DEQ for the infrastructure.

Funding

This work received financial support from CAPES, CNPq, and FAPEMIG (Grant Numbers: RED-00144-22, APQ-0008321, and APQ-03113-22).

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil

    Rafael Matias Silva, Gabriel Henrique Sperandio, Alexsandra Dias da Silva, Leonardo Luiz Okumura, Renata Pereira Lopes Moreira & Tiago Almeida Silva

  2. Department of Physics, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil

    Renê Chagas da Silva

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Silva, R.M., Sperandio, G.H., da Silva, A.D. et al. Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide films from Zn-C battery waste for the electrochemical determination of paracetamol and hydroquinone. Microchim Acta 190, 273 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-023-05858-0

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