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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Synthesis of hierarchically porous 3D polymeric carbon superstructures with nitrogen-doping by self-transformation: a robust electrocatalyst for the detection of herbicide bentazone

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Abstract

Bentazone (BEZ) is one of the utmost selective problematic contact-past herbicide with high toxicity for humans owing to feasible contamination of surface and ground water. In this work, an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the sensitive detection of BEZ, based on hierarchically porous three-dimensional (3D) carbon superstructures (CS)–modified electrodes. The CSs (namely, CSHEX, CSPY, CSACN, and CSNOS) were prepared by the pyrolysis process from organic porous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) superstructure particles (namely, PANHEX, PANPY, PANACN, and PANNOS) obtained by free radical polymerization method using different solvents (hexane, pyridine, acetonitrile, and also no solvent). The assembly with the working electrode of CSs causes the electrocatalytic BEZ oxidation by rapid electron transfer compared to the PAN superstructures and bare electrodes. Intriguingly, compared to all electrodes, CSHEX-modified electrode showed the superior electrochemical detection of BEZ at a working potential of 0.99 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), very low detection limit (0.002 μM), wide dynamic linear range (0.03 to 200 μM), high sensitivity (9.95 μA μM−1 cm−2), and excellent reliability. The advanced sensors displayed an intensification of oxidation peak current of BEZ with high selectivity, remarkable sensitivity, and reproducibility for BEZ detection and received satisfactory outcomes designating the application of sensors for the determination of BEZ in river water samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

    Bhuvanenthiran Mutharani, Hsieh-Chih Tsai & Juin-Yih Lai

  2. Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

    Bhuvanenthiran Mutharani, Hsieh-Chih Tsai & Juin-Yih Lai

  3. Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Palraj Ranganathan

  4. R & D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Hsieh-Chih Tsai & Juin-Yih Lai

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Correspondence to Hsieh-Chih Tsai.

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This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-022-05493-1

Supplementary information

ESM 1

Experimental section (Chemicals and reagents, Preparation of PAN polymer superstructures and carbon superstructures (CSs), Preparation of carbon superstructures (CSs), Apparatus and measurements, and Fabrication of PAN superstructures and CSs on SPCE), FE-SEM images of PAN superstructures, TEM, FTIR, Raman, and XRD images of CSs. Schematic illustrations of the morphologies of the CSs superstructures, BET isotherms and XPS analysis of CSs superstructures, pore size distribution of the CSs superstructures, linear plot of potential vs. log of scan rate, DPV curves of BEZ on the CSPY, CSACN and CSNOS, interference effect of possible co-interfering compounds, storage stability, table of elemental compositions of prepared carbon superstructures, Comparison of analytical parameters of CSHEX/SPCE on the electrochemical detection of BEZ with formerly reported literature, and optimization of effect of modifier. (DOCX 11527 kb)

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Mutharani, B., Ranganathan, P., Tsai, HC. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Synthesis of hierarchically porous 3D polymeric carbon superstructures with nitrogen-doping by self-transformation: a robust electrocatalyst for the detection of herbicide bentazone. Microchim Acta 188, 271 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-04910-1

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