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Nanostructured platform for the sensitive determination of paraoxon by using an electrode modified with a film of graphite-immobilized bismuth

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Abstract

The authors describe a graphite immobilized bismuth film electrode with enhanced sensitivity for the organophosphorus pesticide paraoxon. The film was formed by ex-situ electroplating of bismuth onto the large surface of a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphite nanopowder (Bi/Gr/GCE). The modified GCE was characterized by chronoamperometry using p-nitrophenol as a model nitro compound. The modification of the GCE results in an increase of the electroactive area (to 27.7 mm2) and of the electrocatalytic activity (the catalytic rate constant being 4140 L·mol−1·s−1). This results in an enhancement of the current for the electroreduction of paraoxon by a factor of 4.3 (compared to a plain GCE). The modified GCE was applied to the sensitive determination of paraoxon by differential pulse voltammetry. At a typical working potential of −0.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl, the LOD is 2 nmol·L−1 of paraoxon, which is comparable to the LOD of some cholinesterases-based electrochemical sensors and is lower than the LOD of the organophosphorus hydrolase-based electrochemical sensors for paraoxon. In addition, the new GCE is more stable than enzyme-based sensors, and it can be renewed.

Schematic of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by renewable Bi film deposited ex situ. Graphite nanopowder (Gr) was incorporated in laponite as intermediate layer to form a sandwich-type structure (Bi/Gr/GCE). The Bi/Gr/GCE was applied for the sensitive paraoxon quantification with an LOD of 2 nmol L−1. Symbols: 1-glassy carbon electrode; 2-graphite nanopowder; 3-Bi-film. GCE: glassy carbon electrode; Bi/GCE: Bi-film modified glassy carbon electrode; Gr/GCE: graphite nanopowder modified glassy carbon electrode; Bi/Gr/GCE: graphite immobilized Bi-film electrode.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico

    M. Stoytcheva, R. Zlatev & G. Montero

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Chemical Sciences, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

    Z. Velkova

  3. Department Biochemistry and Microbiology, Plovdiv University “P. Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

    V. Gochev

Authors
  1. M. Stoytcheva
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  2. R. Zlatev
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  3. G. Montero
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  4. Z. Velkova
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  5. V. Gochev
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Correspondence to M. Stoytcheva.

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Stoytcheva, M., Zlatev, R., Montero, G. et al. Nanostructured platform for the sensitive determination of paraoxon by using an electrode modified with a film of graphite-immobilized bismuth. Microchim Acta 184, 2707–2714 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2282-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2282-4

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